Hepatitis B infection in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Lomé, Togo: Prevalence and molecular consequences

Background. No data are available on HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus coinfection in Togo, and patients are not routinely tested for HBV infection.Objective. To determine the prevalence of HBV and the risk of HBV drug resistance during antiretroviral treatment in HIV-coinfected patients in Togo.Method. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Lomé, Togo, from January 2010 to December 2011 among HIV-infected patients who had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 6 months.Results. In total, 1 212 patients (74.9% female) living with HIV/AIDS and treated with ART were included in the study. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 9.7% (117/1 212; 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.04 - 11.45). Of these 117 HBsAg-positive patients, 16 (13.7%) were hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive, and 115 (98.3%) were on lamivudine. The HBV DNA load was >10 IU/mL in 33/117 patients overall (38%), and in 87.5% of 16 HBeAg-positive patients (p<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with HBV DNA load >10 IU/mLwere HBeAg positivity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6.4; p=0.001) and a higher level of education (aOR 6.5; p=0.026). The prevalence of HBV resistance to lamivudine was 13.0% (15/115; 95% CI 7.0 - 19.0). The detected resistance mutations were rtL180M (14/15 patients) and rtM204V/I (15/15).Conclusion. The seroprevalence of HBV among ART-treated HIV-infected patients in Togo was 9.7%. The prevalence of HBV lamivudine resistance mutations after 2 years of ART was 13.0%. These results suggest that HBV screening before ART initiation can be based on HBsAg testing

Population pharmacokinetic of antiretrovirals in pregnant women

Des modifications physiologiques importantes interviennent au cours de la grossesse. Ces modifications ont un impact sur la pharmacocinétique et/ou la pharmacodynamique des traitements administrés. Chez la femme infectée par le virus du VIH, un traitement antirétroviral adéquat et efficace est indispensable pour la santé de la mère et pour assurer la prévention de la transmission du virus au nouveau-né. Pour un traitement optimal, en termes d’efficacité et de non-toxicité, la connaissance de l’effet de la grossesse sur les concentrations des antirétroviraux chez la mère ainsi que leur passage transplacentaire est primordiale. Dans cette thèse nous avons utilisé une méthodologie adaptée pour cette population : la modélisation non linéaire à effets mixtes. Des données de suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique, ainsi que les données d’un essai clinique multicentrique (TEmAA) ont été analysées grâce à deux logiciel : NONMEM et Monolix.Dans la première étude présentée, nous nous sommes intéressés à la pharmacocinétique dutenofovir chez la femme enceinte. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet relativement important de la grossesse, en effet une augmentation de 39% de la clairance est observée chezla femme enceinte et la femme parturiente. Une augmentation de la dose serait donc souhaitable chez ces femmes. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons mis en évidence une légère augmentation de l’exposition à la lamivudine au cours de la grossesse, ne nécessitant pas d’adaptation de posologie. Dans la troisième étude, les concentrations de névirpaine chez la mère et son nouveau-né ont été analysées et le schéma d’administration a été évalué.Dans la dernière étude, à partir des concentrations de tenofovir et d’emtricitabine dans le lait maternel qui sont ici reportées pour la première fois chez l’homme, nous avons simulé les profils de concentrations obtenus chez le nourrisson.Important physiological changes occur during pregnancy. These changes may affect the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of the administered medication. In HIV infected women, antiretroviral treatment adequacy and effectiveness is essential for the health of the mother and for the prevention of HIV transmission to the newborn. For optimal treatment interms of efficacy and tolerance, the effect of pregnancy on antiretroviral concentrations in themother and their transplacental passage have to be assessed.In this work we used the appropriate methodology in this population: non linear mixed effects modeling. Data from therapeutic drug monitoring, as well as data from a multicenter clinical trial (TEmAA) were analyzed using: NONMEM or Monolix. In the first study presented, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in pregnant women. We observed a relatively large effect of pregnancy, a 39% increase of the apparent clearance in pregnant and parturient woman. A dose increase should be therefore investigated in these women. In the second study, we demonstrated a slight increase in lamivudine exposure during pregnancy. This increase does not require dose adjustment. In the third study, the concentration of nevirapinein the mother and her newborn were analyzed and the administration scheme was evaluated.In the last study, based on concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in breast milk that arereported here for the first time in humans, we simulated the concentration profiles obtained ininfants

Pharmacocinétique de population des antirétroviraux chez la femme enceinte

Des modifications physiologiques importantes interviennent au cours de la grossesse. Ces modifications ont un impact sur la pharmacocinétique et/ou la pharmacodynamique des traitements administrés. Chez la femme infectée par le virus du VIH, un traitement antirétroviral adéquat et efficace est indispensable pour la santé de la mère et pour assurer la prévention de la transmission du virus au nouveau-né. Pour un traitement optimal, en termes d efficacité et de non-toxicité, la connaissance de l effet de la grossesse sur les concentrations des antirétroviraux chez la mère ainsi que leur passage transplacentaire est primordiale. Dans cette thèse nous avons utilisé une méthodologie adaptée pour cette population : la modélisation non linéaire à effets mixtes. Des données de suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique, ainsi que les données d un essai clinique multicentrique (TEmAA) ont été analysées grâce à deux logiciel : NONMEM et Monolix.Dans la première étude présentée, nous nous sommes intéressés à la pharmacocinétique dutenofovir chez la femme enceinte. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet relativement important de la grossesse, en effet une augmentation de 39% de la clairance est observée chezla femme enceinte et la femme parturiente. Une augmentation de la dose serait donc souhaitable chez ces femmes. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons mis en évidence une légère augmentation de l exposition à la lamivudine au cours de la grossesse, ne nécessitant pas d adaptation de posologie. Dans la troisième étude, les concentrations de névirpaine chez la mère et son nouveau-né ont été analysées et le schéma d administration a été évalué.Dans la dernière étude, à partir des concentrations de tenofovir et d emtricitabine dans le lait maternel qui sont ici reportées pour la première fois chez l homme, nous avons simulé les profils de concentrations obtenus chez le nourrisson.Important physiological changes occur during pregnancy. These changes may affect the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of the administered medication. In HIV infected women, antiretroviral treatment adequacy and effectiveness is essential for the health of the mother and for the prevention of HIV transmission to the newborn. For optimal treatment interms of efficacy and tolerance, the effect of pregnancy on antiretroviral concentrations in themother and their transplacental passage have to be assessed.In this work we used the appropriate methodology in this population: non linear mixed effects modeling. Data from therapeutic drug monitoring, as well as data from a multicenter clinical trial (TEmAA) were analyzed using: NONMEM or Monolix. In the first study presented, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in pregnant women. We observed a relatively large effect of pregnancy, a 39% increase of the apparent clearance in pregnant and parturient woman. A dose increase should be therefore investigated in these women. In the second study, we demonstrated a slight increase in lamivudine exposure during pregnancy. This increase does not require dose adjustment. In the third study, the concentration of nevirapinein the mother and her newborn were analyzed and the administration scheme was evaluated.In the last study, based on concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in breast milk that arereported here for the first time in humans, we simulated the concentration profiles obtained ininfants.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. électronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Optimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients—guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Société Française de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique—SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société Française d’Anesthésie et Réanimation—SFAR)

International audienceBackground: Beta-lactam antibiotics (βLA) are the most commonly used antibiotics in the intensive care unit (ICU). ICU patients present many pathophysiological features that cause pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) specificities, leading to the risk of underdosage. The French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAR) have joined forces to provide guidelines on the optimization of beta-lactam treatment in ICU patients.Methods: A consensus committee of 18 experts from the two societies had the mission of producing these guidelines. The entire process was conducted independently of any industry funding. A list of questions formulated according to the PICO model (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) was drawn-up by the experts. Then, two bibliographic experts analysed the literature published since January 2000 using predefined keywords according to PRISMA recommendations. The quality of the data identified from the literature was assessed using the GRADE® methodology. Due to the lack of powerful studies having used mortality as main judgement criteria, it was decided, before drafting the recommendations, to formulate only “optional” recommendations.Results: After two rounds of rating and one amendment, a strong agreement was reached by the SFPT-SFAR guideline panel for 21 optional recommendations and a recapitulative algorithm for care covering four areas: (i) pharmacokinetic variability, (ii) PK-PD relationship, (iii) administration modalities, and (iv) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The most important recommendations regarding βLA administration in ICU patients concerned (i) the consideration of the many sources of PK variability in this population; (ii) the definition of free plasma concentration between four and eight times the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the causative bacteria for 100% of the dosing interval as PK-PD target to maximize bacteriological and clinical responses; (iii) the use of continuous or prolonged administration of βLA in the most severe patients, in case of high MIC bacteria and in case of lower respiratory tract infection to improve clinical cure; and (iv) the use of TDM to improve PK-PD target achievement.Conclusions:The experts strongly suggest the use of personalized dosing, continuous or prolonged infusion and therapeutic drug monitoring when administering βLA in critically ill patients

Comment on: Population pharmacokinetics of the rilpivirine long-acting formulation after intramuscular dosing in healthy subjects and people living with HIV

International audienc

Maternal Betamethasone for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates: Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Approach

International audienceDespite antenatal corticosteroids therapy, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is still a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. To date, the relationship between in utero fetal drug exposure and occurrence of RDS remains poorly evaluated. This study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of betamethasone in pregnant women and to evaluate the transplacental drug transfer and administration scheme for the prevention of RDS. Pregnant women > 27 weeks' gestation and who received at least a single dose of betamethasone for prevention of RDS were enrolled. Maternal, cord blood, and amniotic fluid betamethasone time-courses were analyzed using the Monolix software. A total of 220 maternal blood, 56 cord blood, and 26 amniotic fluid samples were described by a two-compartment model with two effect compartments linked by rate transfer constants. Apparent clearances and volumes of distribution parameters were allometrically scaled for a 70 kg third trimester pregnant woman. The impact of a twin pregnancy was found to increase maternal clearance by 28%. Using a fetal-to-mother exposure ratio, the median (95% confidence interval (CI)) transplacental transfer of betamethasone was estimated to 35% (95% CI 0.11-0.67). After adjustment for gestational age and twin pregnancy, RDS was found to be associated to the time spent in utero below quantifiable concentrations (i.e., < 1 ng/mL): odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.19) per day increase (P < 0.05). Trying to take into account both efficacy and safety, we simulated different dosing schemes in order to maintain a maximum of fetuses above 1 ng/mL without exceeding the total standard dose

Comment on: Population pharmacokinetics of the rilpivirine long-acting formulation after intramuscular dosing in healthy subjects and people living with HIV

International audienc

Comment on: Population pharmacokinetics of the rilpivirine long-acting formulation after intramuscular dosing in healthy subjects and people living with HIV

International audienc