157 research outputs found

    Opening Address

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    Single-Polymer Composites : Concepts, Realization and Outlook : Review

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    Characterization of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)/ Sisal Fiber/Clay bio-composites Prepared by Casting Technique

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    Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)(PHBV) biocomposites containing of sisal fibers and clay particles were prepared by solution casting technique. Silane (Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide) treatment has been used to modify surface of sisal fiber and enhance the properties of related PHBV composites. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PHBV composites were determined in uniaxial tensile, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The dispersion of the sisal fiber and clay in the PHBV was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All PHBV based composites were subject to water absorption. It was found that the tensile and storage modulus of PHBV/5 wt.% sisal composites was improved by maximum 7 % and 10 % respectively. Treated silane of sisal fiber at 5 wt.% was found to enhance tensile modulus by 12 % as compared to the neat PHBV. In corporation of 3 wt.% clay in PHBV matrix increased the tensile and storage modulus by 8 % and 16 % respectively, compared to the neat PHBV. Note that this feature was also confirmed by SEM. Moreover, water uptake and the diffusion coefficient of the PHBV composites systems studied was also calculated

    Single-Polymer Composites: Concepts, Realization and Outlook: Review

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    Manufacturing, properties and applications of single-polymer composites (SPCs) have been surveyed. SPCs composed of amorphous or semicrystalline matrices and semicrystalline reinforcements were only considered because of their present and future relevance. Various concepts to enlarge the temperature difference between the matrix- and reinforcement-giving materials were listed and those applied commercially were discussed. The development of SPCs is fueled by the demand for various products which have low density and “ultimate” recyclability, namely reprocessing via remelting. At present SPC, parts are mostly used in the automotive, and sport/leisure sectors. Research activities target the production productivity, novel shaping technologies of SPCs, and ensuring their multifunctionality

    AGRO-WASTE NATURAL FIBER SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR BIO-COMPOSITES DEVELOPMENT: METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHTS

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    In today's engineering industries, there is a growing focus on sustainable and eco-friendly products due to their recyclability, abundant availability and property variability. One key aspect of this sustainability effort is the development of eco-friendly materials, particularly bio composites derived from agricultural waste residues. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties as well as suitability of these fibers depend greatly on the methods used for extraction, processing, chemical modification and physical treatments. Understanding these processes comprehensively is essential for obtaining desired natural fibers/fillers from agricultural waste for creating effective bio composites to meet specific application demands. This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the various extraction and modification techniques employed for natural fibers. It offers an in-depth review of diverse extraction processes, ranging from the initial harvesting to the decortication stage. It has been revealed that the choice of extraction methodologies depends on climate, water resources, local traditions, and the desired fiber quality. Additionally, the paper explores chemical and physical treatments, highlighting how each method influences the structure and properties of natural fibers. Overall, this review offers practical insights into the steps taken to transform agro-waste biomass into desired natural fiber and in turn biocomposite material, while enhancing product quality and performance

    The Development of a Business Risk Management Model for the Automotive Parts Industry in the Digital Era

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    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļšāļšāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ 2) āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļīāļ” āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒÂ  āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 9 āļ„āļ™ āļˆāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 287 āļ„āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 200 āļ„āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ—āļĢāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļĨāļšāļļāļĢāļĩ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‰āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĢāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļžāļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 12 āļ„āļ™ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš  āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē 1) āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 6 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ° 18 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (2) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ  (3) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (4) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (5) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ āđāļĨāļ° (6) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ 2) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļžāļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļšāļ–āđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļšāļšāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ 2) āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļīāļ” āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒÂ  āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 9 āļ„āļ™ āļˆāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 287 āļ„āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 200 āļ„āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ āļŠāļĄāļļāļ—āļĢāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļĨāļšāļļāļĢāļĩ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‰āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĢāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļžāļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 12 āļ„āļ™ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš  āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē 1) āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 6 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ° 18 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (2) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ  (3) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (4) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (5) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ āđāļĨāļ° (6) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢ āļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ 2) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļžāļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļēāļ™āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ”āļīāļˆāļīāļ—āļąāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ§āļļāļ’āļīāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļšāļ–āđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđƒāļŠ

    RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NATURAL FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITES FOR BALLISTIC APPLICATIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MECHANISMS AND FAILURE CRITERIA

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    The use of lightweight natural fiber functional composites in the manufacturing of ballistic protective materials has garnered significant attention in recent years. This is due to their superior mechanical properties, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Ballistic panels are constructed using multiple layers of diverse composites, which collectively exhibit excellent mechanical properties. These properties enable them to withstand strong impacts enhancing their capability for different applications in defense, military, and aerospace components. The primary focus of this review is to examine the different influential factors that govern the development of novel polymeric materials for current ballistic applications. It also explores various research approaches, such as experimental, analytical, numerical modeling, and empirical techniques. The review highlights both internal factors, such as material composition, and external factors, such as projectile parameters (e.g., nose angles, projectile shape, and projectile size). These factors are crucial for optimizing the robust ballistic performance of natural fiber-based polymer composites. In addition, various valuable insights to develop more effective and sustainable ballistic protective materials for applications in bulletproof helmets, defense, aerospace, and military sectors have also been elaborated. Consequently, the article presents a comprehensive review of the impact of utilizing various natural fibers as alternative materials to Kevlar for armor structures, offering a state-of-the-art perspective and challenges faced in full-scale implementation

    āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

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    This research purposes are 1) to investigate separate components of knowledge, skills and safety management systems of industrial safety officers 2) to create a competency framework oriented to potential development of workplace safety personnel as to minimize losses occurring in industrial plants and 3) to set out a potential development scheme for safety officers. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were applied. Surveys were carried out with 3 representative groups (1) In-depth interviews were conducted to gather data from 11 professional respondents through purposive sampling technique (2) the questionnaire-based survey employing multistage sampling procedure was conducted with 404 respondents, comprising senior executives, security managers and professional safety officers working in petrochemical plants located in the Eastern region and (3) Focus Group Discussion was performed with 11 experts to assess content consistency and evaluate the potential development model. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather focused, qualitative data whereas a 5-point likert scale survey was applied to measure respondents’ opinion towards knowledge, skills and appropriate characteristics of safety officers; and to evaluate attitudes towards the manual and development model. Descriptive Statistics including percentages, means and standard deviations were obtained by SPSS. The results reveal that: 1) With regard to elements of knowledge, skills and officer characteristics, 12 elements were derived. (Eigenvalue between 1.281-14.278 and a percentage of each cumulative variance is between 2.169-73.408). 2) The potential development framework of safety officers consists of 3 components, 12 sub-competencies, i.e. knowledge of business and safety legislation, occupational health and environmental health. The skill components feature those on occupational safety and environmental management, community relations management, vision and strategic management, team leadership, human management, and effective communication skills to boost productivity. Finally, personality trait components embrace business ethics, commitment to professional learning and delivery, hard work determination and awareness of safety. 3) All professional respondents agree that the designed framework is consistent with content structure and can be applied to practical implementation efforts
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