Baseline IL-22-producing T helper cells.

<p>Flow cytometric measurement of the percentages of IL-22-producing CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells in AH patients on day 0, alcoholic cirrhosis patients and healthy controls in peripheral blood. The frequency of IL-22-producing CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells are increased in AH patients compared with both of the controls groups. The bars represent median values.</p

Flow plot of cytokine production.

<p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, ionomycin and brefeldin A for 4 hours followed by intracellular staining for IL-17A and IL-22. The flow plots depict the population of CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells from a representative AH patient. The values in the gate represent the percentage of IL-17A⁺, IL-22⁺ and double positive cells within the population of CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells (right). The gate is set based on the control staining (left).</p

Frequency of cytokine producing T helper cells during follow-up.

<p>The percentages of CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells that produced IL-17A, IL-21 or IL-22 in patients with AH on days 0, 14 and 30 after diagnosis as measured by flow cytometry. We observed no changes in the frequencies of neither of these cells during this 30-days follow-up period.</p

Patient baseline characteristics.

<p>Baseline characteristics are presented for healthy controls, stable alcoholic cirrhosis patients and alcoholic hepatitis patients. The alcoholic hepatitis patients are divided into two groups based on whether or not they experience a decline in GAHS≥2 during the 30 days of follow-up. Values are reported as median (IQR).</p><p>ALT = Alanine Amino Transferase.</p><p>MELD = Model of End Stage Liver Disease.</p><p>GAHS = Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score.</p>*<p>a vs. b.</p

Plasma cytokine concentrations.

<p>The concentrations of cytokines in plasma were measured with ELISA in healthy controls, alcoholic cirrhosis and for alcoholic hepatitis patients at day 0, 14 and 30 after diagnosis. The concentrations are reported in pg/ml. Values are presented as median (IQR).</p>*<p>AH day 0 compared with healthy controls (<i>p</i><0.01).</p

Clinical disease course and IL-22-producing T helper cells.

<p>The percentages of IL-22-producing CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells in AH patients whose condition improved (<b>↓</b>GAHS ≥2) versus AH patients whose condition did not improve (<b>↓</b>GAHS <2) at days 0, 14 and 30 after diagnosis measured by flow cytometry. The frequency of these cells is elevated in the patient who experience disease improvement at baseline compared with the group without disease improvement (p<0.05). This elevation is persistent and augmented through the follow-up period (p<0.05). Values are presented as median (IQR). (GAHS: Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score).</p