Can dairy value chain projects change gender norms in rural Bangladesh? Impacts on assets, gender norms, and time use.

The goal of CARE - Bangladesh’s Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project (SDVCP) is to improve the dairy-related incomes of 35,000 households in Northwest Bangladesh. To achieve its goal, SDVCP addresses the major challenges to improving smallholder participation in the value chain, namely farmer mobilization and education, access to markets for their milk, and access to productivity - enhancing inputs. The project assists in the formation of dairy farmer groups as well as increasing women’s participation in the dairy value chain, particularly in such nontraditional occupations as milk collectors and livestock health workers. The SDVCP evaluation looks at how both tangible and intangible assets may have changed, particularly for women, as an outcome of the intervention

Tetranuclear Group 7/8 Mixed-Metal and Open Trinuclear Group 7 Metal Carbonyl Clusters Bearing Bridging 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole Ligands

The reactivity of group 7 metal dinuclear carbonyl complexes [M2(CO)6(μ-SN2C4H5)2] (1, M = Re; 2, M = Mn) toward group 8 metal trinuclear carbonyl clusters were examined. Reactions of 1 and 2 with [Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2] in refluxing benzene furnished the tetranuclear mixed-metal clusters [Os3Re(CO)13(μ3-SN2C4H5)] (3) and [Os3Mn(CO)13(μ3-SN2C4H5)] (4), respectively. Similar treatment of 1 and 2 with Ru3(CO)12 yielded the ruthenium analogs [Ru3Re(CO)13(μ3-SN2C4H5)] (5), and [Ru3Mn(CO)13(μ3-SN2C4H5)] (6), but in the case of 2 a secondary product [Mn3(CO)10(μ-Cl)(μ3-SN2C4H5)2] (7) was also formed. Compounds 3–6 have a butterfly core of four metal atoms with the M (Mn or Re) at a wingtip of the butterfly and containing a noncrystallographic mirror plane of symmetry. This result provides a potential method for the synthesis of a series of new group 7/8 mixed metal complexes containing a bifunctional heterocyclic ligand. Compound 7 is a unique example of a 54-electron trimanganese complex having bridging 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolate and chloride ligands. Interestingly, the reaction of 1 with Fe3(CO)12 at 70–75 °C furnished the tri- and dirhenium complexes [Re3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ3-SN2C4H5)2] (8) and [Re2(CO)6(N2C4H5)(μ-SN2C4H5)2] (9), respectively instead of the expected formation of the mixed-metal clusters. The former is an interesting example of a 52-electron trirhenium-hydridic complex containing bridging 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolate ligand, while the latter can be viewed as a 1-methylimidazole adduct of 1. No mixed Fe–Re complexes were produced in this reaction. The molecular structures of the new compounds 3–5 and 7–9 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and the DFT studies of compounds 5, 7 and 8 are reported

Carbon−Phosphorus Bond Activation of Tri(2-thienyl)phosphine at Dirhenium and Dimanganese Centers

Reaction of [Re2(CO)9(NCMe)] with tri(2-thienyl)phosphine (PTh3) in refluxing cyclohexane affords three substituted dirhenium complexes: [Re2(CO)9(PTh3)] (1), [Re2(CO)8(NCMe)(PTh3)] (2), and [Re2(CO)8(PTh3)2] (3). Complex 2 was also obtained from the room-temperature reaction of [Re2(CO)8(NCMe)2] with PTh3 and is an unusual example in which the acetonitrile and phosphine ligands are coordinated to the same rhenium atom. Thermolysis of 1 and 3 in refluxing xylene affords [Re2(CO)8(μ-PTh2)(μ-η1:κ1-C4H3S)] (4) and [Re2(CO)7(PTh3)(μ-PTh2)(μ-H)] (5), respectively, both resulting from carbon−phosphorus bond cleavage of a coordinated PTh3 ligand. Reaction of [Re2(CO)10] and PTh3 in refluxing xylene gives a complex mixture of products. These products include 3−5, two further binuclear products, [Re2(CO)7(PTh3)(μ-PTh2)(μ-η1:κ1-C4H3S)] (6) and [Re2(CO)7(μ-κ1:κ2-Th2PC4H2SPTh)(μ-η1:κ1-C4H3S)] (7), and the mononuclear hydrides [ReH(CO)4(PTh3)] (8) and trans-[ReH(CO)3(PTh3)2] (9). Binuclear 6 is structurally similar to 4 and can be obtained from reaction of the latter with 1 equiv of PTh3. Formation of 7 involves a series of rearrangements resulting in the formation of a unique new diphosphine ligand, Th2PC4H2SPTh. Reaction of [Mn2(CO)10] with PTh3 in refluxing toluene affords the phosphine-substituted product [Mn2(CO)9(PTh3)] (10) and two carbon−phosphorus bond cleavage products, [Mn2(CO)6(μ-PTh2)(μ-η1:η5-C4H3S)] (11) and [Mn2(CO)5(PTh3)(μ-PTh2)(μ-η1:η5-C4H3S)] (12). Both 11 and 12 contain a bridging thienyl ligand that is bonded to one manganese atom in a η5-fashion. The molecular structures of eight of these new complexes were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, allowing a detailed analysis of the disposition of the coordinated ligands

Study of relationship between age and body mass index on knee osteoarthritis in advanced aged females in a divisional city of Bangladesh

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a notable issue in senior citizens and is a burning problem worldwide. There are so many risk factors related to knee osteoarthritis but women's sex, age, and obesity are significant. The aim and objective of this study were to estimate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis among women in the age group of 46 to 65 years and the effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on knee osteoarthritis.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient department (OPD) in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, a tertiary level hospital, among females of Mymensingh, a divisional city of Bangladesh in the age group of 46 to 65 years. Purposive sampling technique used to select study subjects. A total of 100 females participated in this study in one month (July 2019-August 2019).Results: 100 participants were enlisted in the study, in the age group of 46 to 55 years 39 (39%) and 56 to 65 years 61 (61%). Total 65 (65%) participants were affected with knee osteoarthritis. Among them, 19 (29.2%) participants were in the age group of 46-55 years and 46 (70.8%) participants were in the age group of 55-65 years, thus in the advanced age group, knee osteoarthritis is remarkably more. Participants affected with knee osteoarthritis with BMI ≥25 were significantly more affected 45 (69.2%) compared with participants with normal BMI 20 (30.2%).Conclusions: Knee osteoarthritis is significantly associated with advanced age and obesity. Advanced age and overweight were strongly associated with osteoarthritis in our population. Therefore, weight reduction and preventive measures can decrease the burden and will help in minimizing morbidity associated with OA

X-ray Structure of \u3cem\u3emer\u3c/em\u3e-[Mo(CO)\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e(PPh\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e)(\u3cem\u3eκ\u3c/em\u3e\u3csup\u3e2\u3c/sup\u3e-dppm)]

Treatment of [Mo(CO)3(NCMe)3] with bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) at 50 °C afforded mer-[Mo(CO)3(PPh3)(κ2-dppm)] (1) in 55% yield which has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and spectroscopic measurements. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P−1 with a = 10.3449(6), b = 11.1570(6), c = 17.8961(10) Å, β = 80.8400(10)°, Z = 2 and V = 1959.8(2) Å3

Reactivity of phenyldi(2-thienyl)phosphine towards Group 7 Metal Carbonyls: Carbon–phosphorus Bond Activation

Addition of phenyldi(2-thienyl)phosphine (PPhTh2) to [Re2(CO)10−n(NCMe)n] (n = 1, 2) affords the substitution products [Re2(CO)10−n(PhPTh2)n] (1, 2) together with small amounts of fac-[ClRe(CO)3(PPhTh2)2] (3) (n = 2). Reaction of [Re2(CO)10] with PPhTh2in refluxing xylene affords a mixture which includes 2, [Re2(CO)7(PPhTh2)(μ-PPhTh)(μ-H)] (4), [Re2(CO)7(PPhTh2)(μ-PPhTh)(μ-η1,κ1(S)-C4H3S)] (5) and mer-[HRe(CO)3(PPhTh2)2] (6). Phosphido-bridged 4 and 5 are formed by the carbon–phosphorus bond cleavage of the coordinated PPhTh2 ligand, the cleaved thienyl group being retained in the latter. Reaction of [Mn2(CO)10] with PPhTh2 in refluxing toluene affords [Mn2(CO)9(PPhTh2)] (7) and the carbon–phosphorus bond cleavage products [Mn2(CO)6(μ-PPhTh)(μ-η1,η5-C4H3S)] (8) and [Mn2(CO)5(PPhTh2)(μ-PPhTh)(μ-η1,η5-C4H3S)] (9). Both 8 and 9 contain a bridging thienyl ligand which is bonded to one manganese atom in a η5-fashion

Determination of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Residues Levels in Commercial Marine Dry Fish from Different Regions of Bangladesh

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residual levels are available several commercially dry fishes. So, these fishes were detected and determinate the contamination status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). The most popular dry fish-Ribbon fish (Lepturacanthus savala), Chinese pomfret (Pampus chinensis), Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and Shrimp sp. (crustaceans) were selected for this study and these dry fishes were collected from nine different markets (three from each of Khulna, Chittagong and Cox's bazar district) of Bangladesh during December-March in 2013. A total number of 36 samples were selected for analyzing in the laboratory by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry electron captured (GC-ECD) detector. The ranges of DDT in all samples were 2.81 to 877.82ppb. The ranges of DDT in the samples of Bombay duck, Chinese pomfret, Ribbon fish and Shrimp were 13.7-874.35ppb, 2.81-877.82ppb, 3.73-253.68ppb and 4.27-585.97ppb respectively. The mean concentrations of DDT were found highest amount from retailer markets while compared to that from the producer’s markets. Results indicated that the concentration of DDT in dry fish from Bangladesh are higher and may cause chronic disease and potential long-term risk for human health

Reactivity of (1-methoxycarbonylpentadienyl)iron(1+) cations with hydride, methyl, and nitrogen nucleophiles

The reaction of tricarbonyl and (dicarbonyl)triphenylphosphine (1-methoxycarbonyl-pentadientyl)iron(1+) cations 7 and 8 with methyl lithium, NaBH3CN, or potassium phthalimide affords (pentenediyl)iron complexes 9a-c and 11a-b, while reaction with dimethylcuprate, gave (E,Z-diene)iron complexes 10 and 12. Oxidatively induced-reductive elimination of 9a-c gave vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates 17a-c. The optically active vinylcyclopropane (+)-17a, prepared from (1S)-7, undergoes olefin cross-metathesis with excess (+)-18 to yield (+)-19, a C9C16 synthon for the antifungal agent ambruticin. Alternatively reaction of 7 with methanesulfonamide or trimethylsilylazide gave (E,E-diene)iron complexes 14d and e. Huisgen [3 + 2] cyclization of the (azidodienyl)iron complex 14e with alkynes afforded triazoles 25a-e