Pulse Electroplating of Ultrafine Grained Tin Coating

In the electronic packaging industries, soldering materials are essential in joining various microelectronic networks. Solders assure the reliability of joints and protect the microelectronic packaging devices. They provide electrical, thermal, and mechanical continuity among various interconnections in an electronic device. The service performance of all the electronic appliances depends on high strength and durable soldering materials. Lead-containing solders are in use for years, resulting in an extensive database for the reliability of these materials. However, due to toxicity and legislations, lead-free solders are now being developed. As tin (Sn) is the major component of solders, this chapter presents the detailed results and discussion about the metallurgical overview of Sn, synthesis, and characterization of pulse electrodeposited pure tin finish from different aqueous solution baths. The experiments on pulse electrodeposition such as common tin plating baths employed, their chemical compositions, rationale behind their selection and their characterization by bath conductivity and cathodic current efficiency, microstructures, and tin whisker growth are discussed. Further, the effect of pulse electrodeposition parameters such as current density, additive concentration, pH, duty cycle, frequency, temperature, and stirring speed on microstructural characteristics of the coating obtained from sulfate bath and their effect on grain size distribution have been presented

Pulse Electrodeposition of Lead-Free Tin-Based Composites for Microelectronic Packaging

This chapter provides a detailed overview of the various Sn-based composites solders reinforced with ceramic nanoparticles. These solders are lead free in nature and are produced by various process like powder metallurgy, ball milling, casting as well as simple and economic pulse co-electrodeposition technique. In this chapter, various electrodeposited composite solders, their synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of various properties for microelectronic packaging applications, such as microstructure, microhardness, density and porosity, wear and friction, electrochemical corrosion, melting point, electrical resistivity, and residual stress of the monolithic Sn-based and (nano)composite solders have been presented and discussed. This chapter is divided into the following sections: such as introduction to microelectronic packaging, synthesis routes for solders and composites, various nanoreinforcement, and the mechanism of incorporation in solder matrix, the pulse co-electrodeposition technique, the various factors affecting composite deposition, and the improved properties of composite solders over monolithic solders for microelectronic packaging applications are also summarized here

PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE GENUS CITRUS PEEL EXTRACTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

India is the leading producer of fruits worldwide. The major problem after citrus fruits consumption is their peel that are hazardous to our environment and mainly regarded as a solid waste however, they are rich sources of fibres, large amount of Vitamin C, phenolics and flavonoids which are best agents of antioxidant. In this paper, we have discussed about the orange peel waste which has many beneficial roles in our daily life. Citrus peel has the highest number of Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, quinolines and having highest antioxidant activity as compared to the pulp and seed as well as identified from the extraction. The different Phytochemicals test analysis have been discussed in this paper (steroids testing, saponins testing) and different antioxidant test used to check the antioxidant activity of the citrus fruit peel extract are Hydrogen peroxide scavenging test, Nitric oxide scavenging test, DPPH test etc. The main objective of this paper is that the higher antioxidant activity of different mixture of Citrus fruit peel can help to reduce the generation of free radicals and can act as an anti-proliferative agent. The search for novel drugs and alternative medicine especially against cancer has led to increased research in medicinal plants. This review also indicated that Citrus peels contains antioxidant compounds which could be exploited as value added products in the food and cosmetic industr

AN OVERVIEW ON INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES AND BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT (BMWM) IN COVID-19 ERA

The ongoing Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the almost entire world and has hit the healthcare and economic sector with a hard blow. The Government imposed lockdowns in almost all part of the world has not only affected the global economy but also has harsh effects on physical and mental health of people around the world. To date, there is no specific and defined treatment or vaccine available for its prophylaxis and treatment; hence preventive strategies like Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and proper disposal of biomedical waste (BMW) play key role in preventing transmission of the infection in the healthcare sector among healthcare professionals. Ethically, we all should follow the IPC and BMW guidelines soulfully to prevent ourselves and fellow workers from getting infected. The review highlights the salient features of the IPC and BMWM (Biomedical waste management) practices in concise manner for better understanding and implementation at this crucial period of COVID-19 pandemic

Dissociation and thermodynamical properties of heavy quarkonia in an anisotropic strongly coupled hot QGP: using baryonic chemical potential

We extended the recent work Phys. Rev. D 97(9), 094033 (2018) to investigate quarkonium dissociation in presence of baryonic chemical potential (mu_b) and anisotropy ({\xi}) using quasi-particle approach in hot quantum chromodynamics (QCD) medium. We have determined binding energy and thermal width of S-states of charmonia and bottomonia for n=1 and n=2 (radial quantum number) with anisotropic parameter ({\xi}) and baryonic chemical potential. We have also determined the effects of baryonic chemical potential and anisotropy on mass spectra of 1S-states of quarkonia and the results obtained were consistent with theoretical and experimental works. But the key result obtained was dissociation temperature of the S-states with the effect of {mu_b} and {\xi}. At last, we have calculated the thermodynamical properties of QGP (i.e., pressure, energy density and speed of sound) using the parameter {\xi} and {mu_b}, which is the main key to study suppression of the quarkonium with latest determined value of energy density psNN after incorporating the effect of {\xi} and (mu_b).Comment: 23 pages, 15 figure