Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value as a Biomarker for Detecting Muscle-Invasive and High-Grade Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

Background: Several studies have investigated the potential role of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker of high-grade and invasive bladder cancer. Methods: PubMed and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched in September 2021 to extract studies that evaluated the associations between ADC values, pathological T stage, and histological grade bladder cancers. The diagnostic performance of ADC values in detecting muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and high-grade disease was systematically reviewed. Results: Six studies were included in this systematic review. MIBC showed significantly lower ADC values than non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in all six studies. The median (range) sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of ADC values to detect MIBC among the four eligible studies were 73.5% (68.8–90.0%), 79.9% (66.7–84.4%), and 0.762 (0.730–0.884), respectively. Similarly, high-grade disease showed significantly lower ADC values than did low-grade disease in all four eligible studies. The median (range) sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of ADC values for detecting high-grade disease among the three eligible studies were 75.0% (73.0–76.5%), 95.8% (76.2–100%), and 0.902 (0.804–0.906), respectively. Conclusions: The ADC value is a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for discriminating muscle-invasive and high-grade bladder cancer

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Influence of Repeated Odor Adaptation Experience on the Olfactory Response

Recent studies have reported that essential oils and fragrances sprayed indoors affect psychologica evaluation and intellectual productivity. However, the effects of long-term exposure to fragrances on the human body have not been well studied, and there are still many unresolved issues. Therefore, in this study, the effects of repeated exposure to fragrances on changes in the perception of fragrances as a study for long-term operation of fragrance environments were investigated. In order to investigate the effect of fragrance repetition on threshold and odor perception, a panel experiment with 19 subjects was conducted using rosemary essential oil and scatole. The Rosemary was be exposed and the Scatole was not. The conditions were repetition frequency of adaptation. Regarding thresholds, several panels showed an increase in thresholds for rosemary with exposure and a decrease in thresholds for scatole, indicating a long-term acclimation trend due to repeated exposure to fragrances. As for the subjective evaluation of fragrance, the evaluation of fragrance preference and pleasantness/ unpleasantness tended to change to the neutral side in the case of lower frequency and longer duration. In the future, experiments that tend to increase the number of conditions of the frequencies and duration of repeated exposure will be conducted

Fluorine doped tin oxide film with high haze and transmittance prepared for dye-sensitized solar cells

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