Influence of different caregiving styles on fundamental movement skills among children

PurposeThis study investigated the influence of parenting and grandparenting caregiving styles on fundamental motor skills (FMS) of preschool children.MethodA total of 1,326 preschool children (698 boys, 628 girls) aged 4–6 years were recruited from the kindergartens of Jinhua City, China. Locomotor skills (LM), ball skills (BS), and total fundamental movement skills (TS) of children were assessed by the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd edition (TGMD-3).ResultsThere were 978 children in parenting and 348 children in grandparenting caregiving styles. The LM, BS and TS scores of children were considerably (p < 0.001) increased with age (irrespective of sex or caregiving style). For the sex comparisons, BS scores of boys were significantly higher than girls (p < 0.001), while LM and TS scores were not different between boys and girls. For the caregiving style comparison, parenting is superior to grandparenting in developing of children's FMS. Parenting boys of 4-, 5-, and 6-years old showed better BS compared to age-matched parenting girls, whereas boys of 5-years old in grandparenting only showed better BS compared to same-age grandparenting girls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, parenting boys of 6-years reported higher LM (p < 0.01), BS (p < 0.001), and TS (p < 0.001) scores compared to grandparenting boys, but girls' FMS at all ages were not significantly different between the caregiving styles.ConclusionParenting caregiving style is positively associated with proper development of FMS among children. Girl children with poor FMS in grandparenting may need a special care or intervention programs to promote their FMS

Sequence-controlled polymers constructed by alkyne-based polymerizations

Synthesizing polymers with precise sequence structures is of great significance but is still a great challenge in polymer science. The exploration of alkyne-based polymerizations recently has attracted considerable attention due to their great potential to construct polymers with diverse structures and versatile functions, especially those with precise sequence structures. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the preparation of sequence-controlled polymers by alkyne-base polymerizations. Representative examples of each method were selected to illustrate the essential construction principles and implementation approaches, which are expected to provide guidance for the development of sequence-controlled polymers. In addition, we also systematically introduce the diverse and appealing properties and applications of the obtained sequence-controlled polymers, hoping to promote the development of polymeric materials with more superior and innovative properties and applications

Niche differentiation and biogeography of Bathyarchaeia in paddy soil ecosystems: a case study in eastern China

Abstract Bathyarchaeia (formerly Bathyarchaeota) is a group of highly abundant archaeal communities that play important roles in global biogeochemical cycling. Bathyarchaeia is predominantly found in sediments and hot springs. However, their presence in arable soils is relatively limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatial distributions and diversity of Bathyarchaeia in paddy soils across eastern China, which is a major rice production region. The relative abundance of Bathyarchaeia among total archaea ranged from 3 to 68% in paddy soils, and Bathy-6 was the dominant subgroup among the Bathyarchaeia (70–80% of all sequences). Bathyarchaeia showed higher migration ability and wider niche width based on the neutral and null model simulations. Bathy-6 was primarily assembled by deterministic processes. Soil pH and C/N ratio were identified as key factors influencing the Bathyarchaeia composition, whereas C/N ratio and mean annual temperature influenced the relative abundance of Bathyarchaeia. Network analysis showed that specific Bathyarchaeia taxa occupied keystone positions in the archaeal community and co-occurred with some methanogenic archaea, including Methanosarcina and Methanobacteria, and ammonia-oxidizing archaea belonging to Nitrososphaeria. This study provides important insights into the biogeography and niche differentiation of Bathyarchaeia particularly in paddy soil ecosystems

Additional file 1 of Niche differentiation and biogeography of Bathyarchaeia in paddy soil ecosystems: a case study in eastern China

Additional file 1: It’s.xlsx file and include two tables. The title of the tables are Physicochemical parameter details of the samples (Table S1) and Nice overlap of Bathyarchaeia and other archaea (Table S2), respectively

GNB2L1 and its O-GlcNAcylation regulates metastasis via modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the chemoresistance of gastric cancer

<div><p>GNB2L1 and its O-GlcNAcylation has been reported to play roles in gastric cancer metastasis. However, the roles of GNB2L1 in chemoresistance of gastric cancer has never been determined. In the present study, we found that GNB2L1 was downregulated in chemoresistant patients of gastric cancer, and observed the decrease of GNB2L1 in protein levels instead of mRNA levels in different chemoresistant gastric cancer cell lines. Further we proved that this downregulation of GNB2L1 was resulted from its elevated O-GlcNAcylation catalyzed by OGT in both cell lines and patients. Next, we investigate the function of GNB2L1 and its O-GlcNAcylation on gastric cancer metastasis during chemoresistance, and confirmed Ser124 as the major O-GlcNAcylation site on GNB2L1 that regulated its function on metastasis. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that GNB2L1 modulated EMT via regulating the translation of EMT-related proteins in the process of chemoresistance. In summary, this study indicated that GNB2L1 and its O-GlcNAcylation regulated metastasis via modulating the translation of EMT-related proteins in the chemoresistance of gastric cancer.</p></div

Chemoresistant gastric cancer is associated with decreased protein level of GNB2L1.

<p>(A-C) Protein levels of GNB2L1 in tumor tissues from chemosensitive patients and chemoresistant patients were determined by WB (A) and IHC (B-C). Representative images (A-B) and statistical data (C) were shown. (D) Transcriptional levels of GNB2L1 in tumor tissues were determined by qPCR. (E-F) Protein levels and mRNA levels of GNB2L1 were further assessed in SGC-7901 cells and several chemoresistant cells derived from SGC-7901 cells. Progressive disease (PD) was considered as chemoresistant; complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR) and stable disease (SD) as chemosensitive. GAPDH was used as loading control. N.S., not significant; ***, P <0.001.</p

Mitochondrial IRG1 traps MCL-1 to induce hepatocyte apoptosis and promote carcinogenesis

Abstract Hepatocarcinogenesis is initiated by repeated hepatocyte death and liver damage, and the underlying mechanisms mediating cell death and the subsequent carcinogenesis remain to be fully investigated. Immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) and its enzymatic metabolite itaconate are known to suppress inflammation in myeloid cells, and its expression in liver parenchymal hepatocytes is currently determined. However, the potential roles of IRG1 in hepatocarcinogenesis are still unknown. Here, using the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis mouse model, we found that IRG1 expression in hepatocytes was markedly induced upon DEN administration. The DEN-induced IRG1 was then determined to promote the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis of hepatocytes and liver damage, thus enhancing the subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Mechanistically, the mitochondrial IRG1 could associate and trap anti-apoptotic MCL-1 to inhibit the interaction between MCL-1 and pro-apoptotic Bim, thus promoting Bim activation and downstream Bax mitochondrial translocation, and then releasing cytochrome c and initiating apoptosis. Thus, the inducible mitochondrial IRG1 promotes hepatocyte apoptosis and the following hepatocarcinogenesis, which provides mechanistic insight and a potential target for preventing liver injury and HCC

OGT elevated O-GlcNAcylation on GNB2L1 in chemoresistant gastric cancer.

<p>(A-B) The O-GlcNAcylation levels of GNB2L1 in different chemoresistant cells (A) and different tissue samples (B) were assessed via IP analysis, and protein levels of OGT and OGA were also determined via WB. Progressive disease (PD) was considered as chemoresistant; complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR) and stable disease (SD) as chemosensitive. GAPDH was used as loading control.(C-E) Correlation analysis of GNB2L1 levels with OGT (D) or OGA (E) in chemoresistant gastric cancer patients. Representative images (C) and statistical data (D-E) were shown. *, P<0.05.</p

GNB2L1 and its O-GlcNAcylation regulated EMT in chemoresistance.

<p>(A) The protein levels of EMT-related markers, E-cadherin and N-cadherin were determined by WB in SGC-7901/DDP cells. (B-D) The changes of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in protein level were further confirmed in tumor tissues by IHC (B). The correlation between GNB2L1 and E-cadherin or N-cadherin in clinical chemoresistant gastric cancer cases was determined by IHC (C-D). Representative images (B) and statistical data (C-D) were shown. (E) Transcriptional alternation of E-cadherin was assessed in qPCR analysis. (F) The translation alternation of EMT-related proteins was determined in SGC-7901/DDP transfected with or without GNB2L1 via WB. And some cells were treated with CHX (50 μM) for 30 min. GAPDH was used as loading control. All experiments were repeated more than 3 times. PD, progressive disease (considered as chemoresistance); n.s., not significant.</p