Towards A Measure Of General Machine Intelligence

To build general-purpose artificial intelligence systems that can deal with unknown variables across unknown domains, we need benchmarks that measure how well these systems perform on tasks they have never seen before. A prerequisite for this is a measure of a task's generalization difficulty, or how dissimilar it is from the system's prior knowledge and experience. If the skill of an intelligence system in a particular domain is defined as it's ability to consistently generate a set of instructions (or programs) to solve tasks in that domain, current benchmarks do not quantitatively measure the efficiency of acquiring new skills, making it possible to brute-force skill acquisition by training with unlimited amounts of data and compute power. With this in mind, we first propose a common language of instruction, a programming language that allows the expression of programs in the form of directed acyclic graphs across a wide variety of real-world domains and computing platforms. Using programs generated in this language, we demonstrate a match-based method to both score performance and calculate the generalization difficulty of any given set of tasks. We use these to define a numeric benchmark called the generalization index, or the g-index, to measure and compare the skill-acquisition efficiency of any intelligence system on a set of real-world tasks. Finally, we evaluate the suitability of some well-known models as general intelligence systems by calculating their g-index scores.Comment: 31 pages, 15 Figures, 3 Tables; Sample Data and g-index Reference Code at https://github.com/mayahq/g-index-benchmark; g-index toy environment at https://github.com/mayahq/flatland; version 2 added a section about the toy environment; version 3 compressed images to reduce file size; version 4 updated description of flatland toy environmen

A review on nanomedicines in treatment of thyroid and their applications in management of thyroid disorders

Thyroid disease is a major issue all over the world. Thyroid illness is also very common in India. Numerous thyroid disease studies have revealed that 42 million Indians are affected by the disease. Thyroid ailments are classified into five types in India: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goitre and iodine deficiency disorders, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. The epidemiology of these five diseases will be the subject of this review. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been used to treat hypothyroidism for over a century. For the majority of the twentieth century, the first pharmacological treatments were natural thyroid preparations (thyroid extract, desiccated thyroid, or thyroglobulin), which contained both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (T3). This article discusses briefly the current treatment options for common thyroid issues