Regenerative Braking: Review Paper

A brief review of research in theRegenerative braking system is presented. The regenerative braking system isan energyretrieval mechanism which stops a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into electrical energy and store it in batteries or capacitors. When conventional brakes are applied, kinetic energy is wasted into heat energy due to friction between the brakes and wheels. This heat is carried away in the environment and the energy is effectively wasted. The total amount of energy lost in this way depends on how often, how hard and for how long the brakes are applied. The aim of this project was to store the energy which is wasted during braking, and monitor it over a display. An Electric Motor is a device which is used to convert this Kinetic Energy into electrical energy.It increases the efficiency of the electric vehicle by saving the energy

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Alley Maintenance in the City of Detroit

The city of Detroit suffered a significant decline since the 1950s. As the city continues to recover, development has spurred growth, particularly in the Villages of Detroit. The alleys in the city house essential utility systems such as: sewer, electric, phone systems. These areas have fallen into disrepair, erased through vacancy, or illicit activities. In addition, city infrastructure systems, some reaching capacity, are in need of repairs and attention by city officials. Through the course of this project, revelations about the city’s complex infrastructure systems and governmental structure became apparent, as limitations were imposed on access to information, design restrictions, and new knowledge on stormwater systems. The objective of this project is to understand and provide potential solutions to the use of the alley networks in the Villages of Detroit. By studying the role of alley infrastructure from case study cities, we gain an understanding of the alley potentials that use social and green interventions. At the site scale, we sought to understand the existing systems, opinions and uses by residents. Analysis and survey information from community members demonstrate a need to repair alleyways as residents continue to use alleys despite existing conditions. Developing sustainable interventions in a legacy city allowed the group to understand design barriers and the role of constant conversation among municipal partners and organizations. For instance, the placement of the storm sewer network within the depreciating alley network creates a barrier to the implementation of green infrastructure per the request of the Detroit Water and Sewer Department (DWSD). This constant identification of blockades reconfigured this project from one of design interventions to designing towards policy tolerance and acceptance by location officials. Our study focuses on developing potential solutions to answer these observations and provide a possible framework for the alleys of the Village in Detroit. This project sought to understand the Villages through a landscape design lens by analyzing the various dynamics that provide a sense of place. Explorations into case study cities like Chicago, Philadelphia, and current projects in Detroit, this project gained an understanding of the diverse potential of alley uses in contemporary design. This project also examined social components by analyzing the feedback from the community through an on-line survey. Our approached embraced social media as an inclusive platform to deliver community feedback. The current state of the alley network in the Villages ranges from non-existent due to vegetation to centers of commercial activities. Through this study, this project will provide potential interventions and support for alley revitalization, noting the feedback from the community organization, residents and the constraints identified by DWSD.Master of Landscape ArchitectureSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148812/1/Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Alley Maintenance in the City of Detroit_P41.pd

Muffler Design for a Refrigerator Compressor

During its operation, a refrigerator compressor produces pulsating noise, primarily driven by the suction and discharge processes. Sound attenuating mufflers need to be designed without any additional pressure drop on both suction and discharge side. An additional pressure drop at the suction and discharge side will lead to lower charging and discharging of the compressor and hence reduces cooling capacity. Since a one dimensional formulation with plane wave assumption to calculate transmission loss is not applicable for small mufflers (ratio of length to diameter is less than 1), a numerical methodology was established and validated using an impedance tube. Detailed three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to further study the pressure drop across the mufflers for a given flow and compressor operating frequency. In the proposed new methodology, the pressure distribution is observed as a function of frequency and an optimal position of inlet and outlet pipes is decided to improve transmission loss. Mufflers designed with this approach showed better acoustic performance on the suction and discharge side of refrigerator compressor. The effect of various refrigerants on acoustic frequencies is also studied, which would additionally help in tuning the muffler to improve its effectiveness

Evaluating effectiveness of non-water based cleaning mechanisms for PV systems

Paper presented to the 3rd Southern African Solar Energy Conference, South Africa, 11-13 May, 2015.PV systems in tropical regions are gifted with ample sunshine, but also vulnerabilities to high cell temperatures and dust settlement. Dust related degradation is progressive and if left unattended, can severely inhibit by more than 40% the efficiency and output of the system. Current mechanisms of cleaning PV systems adopt large quantities of clean water, making the system unsustainable. The current study thereby investigates the effectiveness of non-water based cleaning mechanisms based on traditional palm-leaf brooms. These brooms were found to be more than 90% effective in comparison to water based cleaning. The reason for this effective cleaning has been further scrutinized based on micro-structure studies and dust adhering propertiesdc201

Integrated bacterial cell lysis and DNA extraction using paper-based isotachophoresis – towards a versatile sample preparation module for point-of-care diagnostics

Bacterial infections remain a global threat, particularly in low-resource settings, where access to accurate and timely diagnosis is limited. Point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests have shown great promise in addressing this challenge. However, their dependence on complex traditional sample preparation methods remains a major challenge. To address this limitation, we present a paper-based sample preparation module that integrates bacterial cell lysis, DNA purification, and concentration using an electrokinetic technique called isotachophoresis (ITP). This is the first device that i) integrates electrochemical bacterial lysis with ITP, and ii) demonstrates the focusing of whole bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) in paper. Characterization with buffers showed that the paper-based ITP sample preparation module (p-ITPrep) concentrated bacterial gDNA with an average concentration factor of 12X, and DNA could be extracted from a sample containing as few as 10^2 CFU/mL Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). From complex biological matrices – human saliva, human blood serum, and artificial urine, p-ITPrep extracted DNA from samples containing 10^2 CFU Msm/mL saliva or artificial urine and 10^3 CFU Msm/mL serum within 20 minutes. The extraction procedure involved only 3 user steps, in contrast to conventional solid phase extraction kits that require more than 10 user steps. p-ITPrep may provide a simple, inexpensive, and versatile alternative to conventional multi-step nucleic acid extraction protocols for point-of-care diagnostic

A Review on the Development of Rotman Lens Antenna

Rotman lenses are the beguiling devices used by the beamforming networks (BFNs). These lenses are generally used in the radar surveillance systems to see targets in multiple directions due to its multibeam capability without physically moving the antenna system. Now a days these lenses are being integrated into many radars and electronic warfare systems around the world. The antenna should be capable of producing multiple beams which can be steered without changing the orientation of the antenna. Microwave lenses are the one who support low-phase error, wideband, and wide-angle scanning. They are the true time delay (TTD) devices producing frequency independent beam steering. The emerging printed lenses in recent years have facilitated the advancement of designing high performance but low-profile, light-weight, and small-size and networks (BFNs). This paper will review and analyze various design concepts used over the years to improve the scanning capability of the lens developed by various researchers

mRNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

An unheard mobilization of resources to find SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies has been sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Two years ago, COVID-19’s launch propelled mRNA-based technologies into the public eye. Knowledge gained from mRNA technology used to combat COVID-19 is assisting in the creation of treatments and vaccines to treat existing illnesses and may avert pandemics in the future. Exploiting the capacity of mRNA to create therapeutic proteins to impede or treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer, is the main goal of the quickly developing, highly multidisciplinary field of biomedicine. In this review, we explore the potential of mRNA as a vaccine and therapeutic using current research findings