Techno-economic viability of bio-based methyl ethyl ketone production from sugarcane using integrated fermentative and chemo-catalytic approach: process integration using pinch technology

Butanediols are versatile platform chemicals that can be transformed into a spectrum of valuable products. This study examines the techno-commercial feasibility of an integrated biorefinery for fermentative production of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) from sucrose of sugarcane (SC), followed by chemo-catalytic upgrading of BDO to a carbon-conservative derivative, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), with established commercial demand. The techno-economics of three process configurations are compared for downstream MEK separation from water and co-product, isobutyraldehyde (IBA): (I) heterogeneous azeotropic distillation of MEK-water and extractive separation of (II) MEK and (III) MEK-IBA from water using p-xylene as a solvent. The thermal efficiency of these manufacturing processes is further improved using pinch technology. The implementation of pinch technology reduces 8% of BDO and 9–10% of MEK production costs. Despite these improvements, raw material and utility costs remain substantial. The capital expenditure is notably higher for MEK production from SC than BDO alone due to additional processing steps. The extraction based MEK separation is the simplest process configuration despite marginally higher capital requirements and utility consumption with slightly higher production costs than MEK-water azeotropic distillation. Economic analysis suggests that bio-based BDO is cost-competitive with its petrochemical counterpart, with a minimum gross unitary selling price of US$ 1.54, assuming a 15% internal rate of return over five-year payback periods. However, renewable MEK is approximately 16–24% costlier than the petrochemical route. Future strategies must focus on reducing feedstock costs, improving BDO fermentation efficacy, and developing a low-cost downstream separation process to make renewable MEK commercially viable

Study of ANC and immediate PNC mothers admitted with severe anemia in GMC Chandrapur

Maternal mortality continues to be a major health problem in the developing world. About 20% of cases of maternal mortality are due to anemia (preventable cause). Objectives:1. To define the geographical areas around Chandrapur from where the cases of anemia are referred. 2. To co-relate variables like maternal age, gestational age, parity and the time elapsed between last childbirth and current pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Hb of ANC and immediate PNC patients referred with severe anemia was estimated with Sahli’s Haemoglobinometer. Inclusion criteria:257 ANC and immediate postpartum patients admitted between July 2016 to September 2016 with severe anemia and transfused with blood. Exclusion criteria: anemia due to acute blood loss. Results:77.8%severe anemia cases were between 21 to 30 years.22% were from Chandrapur taluka.12.8%cases from Rajura and10.12% from Korpana taluka,68.26% cases had gestational age more than 28 weeks.59.92%cases were multipara. In 84.42% of cases last childbirth was less than 3 years.20%cases were of sickle cell anemia patients. There were no cases of abruption placentae, surgical wound infection and maternal mortality. No patient had postpartum haemorrhage as were managed with active management of the third stage of labour and prophylactic 3 tablets of misoprostol per rectum. There were 12 preterm deliveries with no intrauterine deaths. Conclusion: Peripheral preventive services must be strengthened on a priority basis in Chandrapur, Ballarpur, Rajura and Korpana talukas which belong to south Chandrapur where the tribal area is predominant. Probable causes in these areas might be related to culture, ignorance, dietary habits and availability of medical staff which needs to be addressed. Effective counselling regarding early registration, restriction of parity, contraception for spacing births, diet and iron and folic acid supplementation is essential for preventing anemia

Study of efficacy and safety of bipolar coagulation in total laparoscopic hysterectomy

Aim: To study the efficacy and safety of bipolar coagulation in total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Methods: A single surgeon, single center, retrospective study of one year was conducted in Akola Endoscopy center from 1 May 2010 to 30th April,2011. 200 patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions were enrolled. Data about the surgical time, estimated blood loss, related complications and length of hospital stay were evaluated. Results: The patients who underwent TLH with bipolar coagulation in the present study, it was found that the mean operating time was 52.83+-12.28 min, mean blood loss was 40.50+-28.02 ml, post-operatively febrile morbidity was found to be in 1.5% of patients and secondary hemorrhage in 2.5% with average hospital stay around 9-10 hours. No patient required blood transfusion or re-laparotomy. There were no intra-operative or anesthetic complications and no case of hernia or mortality. Conclusion: bipolar coagulation for hemostasis used in laparoscopic hysterectomy is safe and effective

Unusual near- miss case of atonic postpartum haemorrhage in GMC Chandrapur (Dawn from death to life)

A maternal near- miss is an event in which a pregnant woman comes close to maternal death, but does not die. A 8 months gestation third gravida patient was admitted in GMC Chandrapur in preterm labor with intrauterine death. It was an uneventful delivery and as she was a high risk patient for postpartum hemorrhage, all preventive measures were taken. Unfortunately she landed up in atonic PPH for which her subtotal obstetric hysterectomy was done but within one hour she landed up in cardiac arrest, was revived with CPR and her internal iliac artery ligation was done. Postoperative course was uneventful and she was discharged on 10th postoperative day. The aim of this report is to stress the need for strict vigilance of PPH and cardiac arrest and prompt intervention involving multidisciplinary team which led to salvaging the precious life of a mother

Hydrocarbon biorefinery: A sustainable approach

A sustainable hydrocarbon biorefinery is crucial to reduce dependency on petroleum. This chapter presents different types of biomass with their availability and chemical structure, various biorefinery approaches, and a diverse range of biofuels. The sugar and starch, triglycerides, and lignocellulose are traditional biorefineries. These biorefineries produce a vast range of oxygenated biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, and dimethyl ether) and fuel-additives (γ-valerolactone, alkyl levulinates, furanic compounds, and glycerol acetals). On the other hand, a hydrocarbon biorefinery produces biofuels similar to current transportation fuels, known as hydrocarbon biofuels. These biofuels are compatible with existing refinery facilities. This biorefinery is thus vital to circumvent huge capital investment. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of three different routes of hydrocarbon biorefinery: chemical and thermochemical, biological and biochemical, and conversion of biomass-derived compounds. This chapter further provides an overview of the role of heterogeneous catalysis in the hydrocarbon biorefinery. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Formulation and evaluation of Transdermal Patch for the treatment of Migraine

A migraine is a specific kind of headache disorder that primarily affects the head. It can range in severity from mild to severe and is often accompanied by other symptoms like vomiting, nausea, illness, dizziness that gets worse with movement, photophobia, sonophobia, severe disability, or other types of nature. Triptans that are administered intravenously can be used to treat migraines and irritated injection sites. Transdermal delivery means that the medications will be administered through the skin in a precise, regulated manner. Our study aims to identify all possible transdermal patch combination and application for the treatment of migraines. The drug rizatriptan belongs to a group of drugs known as selective serotonin receptor agonists.  It functions by constricting blood vessels in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain signals to the brain, and preventing the production of several naturally occurring compounds that produce pain, nausea, and other migraine symptoms. Verapamil belongs to the group of drugs known as calcium-channel blockers. It works by relaxing the blood vessels in order to reduce the workload of the heart. The Lambda max Rizatriptan and Verapamil is 278.9nm and 228nm respectively. They are soluble in most of the solvents. When used with verapamil, rizatriptan's transdermal patch improves patient compliance in those with hypertension. P2 patch shows the optimized results. Keywords: Migraine, Rizatriptan, Verapamil, Bioavailability, Transdermal patch

Color Doppler study of uterine vasculature in pregnancy induced hypertension

Objectives: 1. To study the blood flow pattern of uterine vessels in pregnancy induced hypertension by Color Doppler. 2. To assess the predictive value of Color Doppler Studies of uterine blood flow patterns for perinatal outcome. Materials and Methods: The period of our study was for 2 years at a tertiary care hospital in rural area in RMC Loni.50 cases diagnosed as pregnancy induced hypertension beyond 28 weeks of gestation, i.e, period of viability of fetus were screened by Color Doppler for uterine artery during the above-mentioned period. Outcome of these pregnancies was then collected.It included the gestational age of delivery, mode of delivery, birthweight, APGAR score, still births andlivebirths. Results: In this study birth weight in grams in>36 weeks gestation at delivery showed highly significant difference between the present (1767+209.83) and absent (2289.98+358.96) diastolic notch group indicating that birth weight of the neonate was affected by the presence of diastolic notch. Similarly neonatal mortality was more(45.45%) in case of patients with presence of uterine artery diastolic notch as compared to absence of diastolic notch(0) which was statistically significant. Morbidity was 36.36% in diastolic notch group as compared to diastolic notch absent group (14.28%). Conclusion: Doppler is an excellent armamentarium in the hands of obstetrician for non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring of PIH patients to identify the fetuses at risks and predicting perinatal morbidity and mortality. Doppler velocimetry gives us the idea about correct time of intervention so as to get good perinatal outcome thus preventing high fetal mortality and morbidity in hypertensive patients

Recent advances in fermentative production of C4 diols and their chemo-catalytic upgrading to high-value chemicals

The current era is witnessing the transition from a fossil-dominated economy towards sustainable and low-carbon green manufacturing technologies at economical prices with reduced energy usage. The biological production of chemical building blocks from biomass using cell factories is a potential alternative to fossil-based synthesis. However, microbes have their own limitations in generating the whole spectrum of petrochemical products. Therefore, there is a growing interest in an integrated/hybrid approach where products containing active functional groups obtained by biological upgrading of biomass are converted via chemo-catalytic routes. The present review focuses on the biological production of three important structural isomers of C4 diols, 2,3-, 1,3-, and 1,4-butanediol, which are currently manufactured by petrochemical route to meet the soaring global market demand. The review starts with justifications for the integrated approach and summarizes the current status of the biological production of these diols, including the substrates, microorganisms, fermentation technology and metabolic/pathway engineering. This is followed by a comprehensive review of recent advances in catalytic upgrading of C4 diols to generate a range of products. The roles of various active sites in the catalyst on catalytic activity, product selectivity, and catalyst stability are discussed. The review also covers examples of integrated approaches, addresses challenges associated with developing end-to-end processes for bio-based production of C4 diols, and underlines existing limitations for their upgrading via direct catalytic conversion. Finally, the concluding remarks and prospects emphasise the need for an integrated biocatalytic and chemo-catalytic approach to broaden the spectrum of products from biomass