289 research outputs found
Neural Architectural Backdoors
This paper asks the intriguing question: is it possible to exploit neural
architecture search (NAS) as a new attack vector to launch previously
improbable attacks? Specifically, we present EVAS, a new attack that leverages
NAS to find neural architectures with inherent backdoors and exploits such
vulnerability using input-aware triggers. Compared with existing attacks, EVAS
demonstrates many interesting properties: (i) it does not require polluting
training data or perturbing model parameters; (ii) it is agnostic to downstream
fine-tuning or even re-training from scratch; (iii) it naturally evades
defenses that rely on inspecting model parameters or training data. With
extensive evaluation on benchmark datasets, we show that EVAS features high
evasiveness, transferability, and robustness, thereby expanding the adversary's
design spectrum. We further characterize the mechanisms underlying EVAS, which
are possibly explainable by architecture-level ``shortcuts'' that recognize
trigger patterns. This work raises concerns about the current practice of NAS
and points to potential directions to develop effective countermeasures
All-cause mortality in metabolically healthy individuals was not predicted by overweight and obesity
BACKGROUND
Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically healthy overweight (MH-OW) have been suggested to be important and emerging phenotypes with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether MHO and MH-OW are associated with all-cause mortality remains inconsistent.
METHODS The association of MHO and MH-OW and all-cause mortality was determined in a Chinese community-based prospective cohort study (the Kailuan study), including 93,272 adults at baseline. Data were analyzed from 2006 to 2017. Participants were categorized into 6 mutually exclusive groups, according to BMI and metabolic syndrome (MetS) status. The primary outcome was all-cause death, and accidental deaths were excluded.
RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.04 years (interquartile range, 10.74-11.22 years), 8977 deaths occurred. Compared with healthy participants with normal BMI (MH-NW), MH-OW participants had the lowest risk of all-cause mortality (multivariate-adjusted HR [aHR], 0.926; 95% CI, 0.861-0.997), whereas there was no increased or decreased risk for MHO (aHR, 1.009; 95% CI, 0.886-1.148). Stratified analyses and sensitivity analyses further validated that there was a nonsignificant association between MHO and all-cause mortality.
CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity do not predict increased risk of all-cause mortality in metabolic healthy Chinese individuals
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