Retained Ownership of Beef Cattle When Considering Production and Price Risk

Livestock Production/Industries,

County responses to Goal 5 of LCDC planning goals and guidelines

Recent national and state legislation reflect a growing awareness of the need for comprehensive cultural resource management programs. Various pieces of federal legislation and Oregon's Senate Bill 100 demonstrate a willingness of governments to provide for such programs. The administration of local land use issues at the state government level has created much controversy in Oregon within the last decade. Controversy was brought to a climax with the enactment of Senate Bill 100. Senate Bill 100 created the Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) in 1973 and gave the Commission authority to establish planning goals and guidelines to be used by local governments in the comprehensive planning process. Goal 5 requires the local planning departments to inventory various resources of the state, including historic areas, sites, structures and objects, and cultural areas. LCDC has encountered difficulties in attempting to implement Planning Goal 5 at the local government level. Problems facing the local planning departments represented here by six Oregon counties in meeting the cultural resource element of Goal 5 are also examined. Using both a descriptive treatment and systems analysis as the approach to data analysis, it is found that the many problems confronting county staffs are important factors relating to the overall quality of responses to Goal 5. County staffs' ill-preparedness to conceive of the goal, let alone respond, is a result of their lack of orientation to and training for the directed task. The vagueness of goal requirements, leading to a maze of misinterpretations, lack of understanding, and the lack of the ability to conceptualize the problems at hand, have created a conflict situation. It is concluded that the degree to which counties have managed to resolve conflicts and overcome problems contributes directly to the quality of responses, LCDC has not determined specific criteria for evaluating county responses to Goals for the plan acknowledgment process. Lack of specific criteria for evaluation has placed LCDC in the position of evaluating county responses without adequate data bases, which in turn has led LCDC to acknowledge compliance for some comprehensive plans which do not fully comply to Goal requirements

Endothelial cell pseudopods and angiogenesis of breast cancer tumors

BACKGROUND: A neoplastic tumor cannot grow beyond a millimeter or so in diameter without recruitment of endothelial cells and new blood vessels to supply nutrition and oxygen for tumor cell survival. This study was designed to investigate formation of new blood vessels within a human growing breast cancer tumor model (MDA MB231 in mammary fat pad of nude female mouse). Once the tumor grew to 35 mm(3), it developed a well-vascularized capsule. Histological sections of tumors greater than 35 mm(3 )were stained with PAS, with CD-31 antibody (an endothelial cell maker), or with hypoxia inducible factor 1α antibody (HIF). The extent of blood vessel and endothelial cell pseudopod volume density was measured by ocular grid intercept counting in the PAS stained slides. RESULTS: The tumor area within 100–150 μm of the well-vascularized capsule had few blood vessels and only occasional endothelial cell pseudopods, whereas the area greater than 150 μm from the capsule had more blood vessels, capillaries, and a three-fold increase in volume density of pseudopods sprouting from the capillary endothelial cells. This subcortical region, rich in pseudopods, some of which were observed to have vacuoles/lumens, was strongly positive for presence of HIF. In some larger tumors, pseudopods were observed to insinuate for mm distances through hypoxic regions of the tumor. CONCLUSION: The positive correlation between presence of HIF and the increased extent of pseudopods suggests volume density measure of the latter as a quantifiable marker of tumor hypoxia. Apparently, hypoxic regions of the tumor produce HIF leading to production of vascular endothelial growth factors that stimulate sprouting of capillary endothelial cells and formation of endothelial cell pseudopods

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and ionizing irradiation on human breast cancer xenograft growth and angiogenesis

BACKGROUND: The effects of an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid enriched diet alone and in combination with gamma irradiation (IR) therapy in nude mice bearing a human MDA-MB231 breast cancer xenograft were tested. The cancer cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of young female mice. Six weeks later, mice were randomly divided into two diet groups: 1) mice with 10% corn oil (rich in omega 6 fatty acids) in their food, 2) mice consuming a 10% fat diet that was enriched in n-3 fatty acids. After two weeks on the diet, treatment with 200 cGy of IR every second day for four treatments (total 800 cGy) was initiated on half of the mice from each diet group. Some mice in each of the 4 groups were euthanized 24 hours after the end of IR while the remaining mice were followed for 3 additional weeks. Tumor sections were stained for endothelial cells with CD31 and PAS and for hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-α). RESULTS: The tumor cortex within 100 microns of the well-vascularized capsule had little vascularization. Blood vessels, capillaries, and endothelial pseudopods were found at areas greater than 100 microns from the capsule (subcortex). Mice on the corn oil diet and treated with IR 24 hours previously or non-irradiated mice fed the n-3 diet had tumors with fewer blood vessels in the subcortex and more endothelial pseudopods projecting into hypoxic (HIF- α positive) areas than did mice from the non-irradiated corn oil fed group. The tumor growth rate of mice that received IR or that were fed the n-3 fatty acid enriched diet was significantly slower than in the mice fed the 10% corn oil diet. Harmful side effects were found only in the IR treated mice. CONCLUSION: The omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet proved to be a safe means for retarding tumor growth and vascularization

Endothelial Cell Pseudopods and Angiogenesis of Breast Cancer Tumors

Background A neoplastic tumor cannot grow beyond a millimeter or so in diameter without recruitment of endothelial cells and new blood vessels to supply nutrition and oxygen for tumor cell survival. This study was designed to investigate formation of new blood vessels within a human growing breast cancer tumor model (MDA MB231 in mammary fat pad of nude female mouse). Once the tumor grew to 35 mm3, it developed a well-vascularized capsule. Histological sections of tumors greater than 35 mm3were stained with PAS, with CD-31 antibody (an endothelial cell maker), or with hypoxia inducible factor 1α antibody (HIF). The extent of blood vessel and endothelial cell pseudopod volume density was measured by ocular grid intercept counting in the PAS stained slides. Results The tumor area within 100–150 μm of the well-vascularized capsule had few blood vessels and only occasional endothelial cell pseudopods, whereas the area greater than 150 μm from the capsule had more blood vessels, capillaries, and a three-fold increase in volume density of pseudopods sprouting from the capillary endothelial cells. This subcortical region, rich in pseudopods, some of which were observed to have vacuoles/lumens, was strongly positive for presence of HIF. In some larger tumors, pseudopods were observed to insinuate for mm distances through hypoxic regions of the tumor. Conclusion The positive correlation between presence of HIF and the increased extent of pseudopods suggests volume density measure of the latter as a quantifiable marker of tumor hypoxia. Apparently, hypoxic regions of the tumor produce HIF leading to production of vascular endothelial growth factors that stimulate sprouting of capillary endothelial cells and formation of endothelial cell pseudopods