Identification of mouse H-2 antigens by mixed lymphocyte culture in the presence of PHA. II. Blastformation of mouse lymphocytes in culture according to the difference in H-2 antigens

In the mixed tissue culture of mouse lymphocytes with addition of PHA the rate of the appearance of large and intermediate cells increases markedly, but which side of the two cell groups have reacted stronger remains obscure. In order to solve this problem, mixed cultures were conducted in such a way that only one cell group of the two would react. Namely, one cell group was exposed to C0 6).irradiation (Table 2) prior to the culture and cultured with another viable cell group (FJ test group, Table 2) to see the percentage of the appearance of large and intermediate cells. Simultaneously, the skin homograft from respective donor mouse was transplanted to each other and the survival days of each skin graft were compared. As a result it has been shown that the percentage of blastformation and the survival time of the skin transplant in each group prove to be in an inverse relation. The results of these mixed cultures indicate that the extent of blast. formation reflects significantly the difference in B-2 histocompatibility antigens.</p

Identification of mouse H-2 antigens by mixed lymphocyte culture in the presence of PHA. 3. Blastformation of mouse lymphocytes according to the difference in non- H-2 antigens

It has been demonstrated that by the mixed cultures in the presence of PHA the combination of those cells whose H-2 antigens differ from each other shows a higher rate and more significant difference of blastformation than in the combination where non-H-2 antigens differ (Table 1). The blastformation observable in the combinations where non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens or sex.linked antigens are weaker, is not, so marked as the difference seen of the blastformation in the case with H-2 isoantigens. This in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test can be applied to the histocompatibility test in the combinations of strong H-2 antigens.</p

Identification of mouse H-2 antigens by mixed lymphocyte culture in the presence of PHA. I. Blastformation in the tissue culture of mouse lymph node cells in the presence of PHA

It is said blastformation can hardly be observed in the tissue culture of mouse lymphocytes. However, in our experiments of mouse lymphocytes (obtained either from axillary or cervical lymph nodes) mixed with various cells in combination of other cells as A+C3H, A+C57BL, or C3H+C57BL, it has been verified that these lymphocytes readily undergo blastformation in the presence of PHA (phytohemagglutinin M) as adjuvant. In the single tissue culture of these lymphocytes without PHA, the blastformation is observable in 6 per cent of the cells, while in the presence of PHA it is seen in 13. 7 per cent of the cells. In the cases of mixed cultures blastformation is observable in 14 per cent in the absence of PHA, whereas it is seen in 35.4 per cent in the presence of PHA. There is obviously a significant difference (p=O.OOI) in the blast. formation when cultured in the presence of PHA, and its reproducibility also proves to be quite high.</p

Layer potential quadrature on manifold boundary elements with constant densities for Laplace and Helmholtz kernels in R3\mathbb{R}^3

A method is proposed for evaluation of single and double layer potentials of the Laplace and Helmholtz equations on piecewise smooth manifold boundary elements with constant densities. The method is based on a novel two-term decomposition of the layer potentials, derived by means of differential geometry. The first term is an integral of a differential 2-form which can be reduced to contour integrals using Stokes' theorem, while the second term is related to the element curvature. This decomposition reduces the degree of singularity and the curvature term can be further regularized by a polar coordinate transform. The method can handle singular and nearly singular integrals. Numerical results validating the accuracy of the method are presented for all combinations of single and double layer potentials, for the Laplace and Helmholtz kernels, and for singular and nearly singular integrals

Efficient Exact Quadrature of Regular Solid Harmonics Times Polynomials Over Simplices in R3\mathbb{R}^3

A generalization of a recently introduced recursive numerical method for the exact evaluation of integrals of regular solid harmonics and their normal derivatives over simplex elements in $\mathbb{R}^3$ is presented. The original Quadrature to Expansion (Q2X) method achieves optimal per-element asymptotic complexity, however, it considered only constant density functions over the elements. Here, we generalize this method to support arbitrary degree polynomial density functions, which is achieved in an extended recursive framework while maintaining the optimality of the complexity. The method is derived for 1- and 2- simplex elements in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and can be used for the boundary element method and vortex methods coupled with the fast multipole method

Correlation between morphological blastformation rate and functional 3H-thymidine uptake in mixed lymphocyte culture in the presence of PHA

By dividing at random 14 normal persons into 7 pairs of two individuals each, lymphocytes were isolated from their peripheral blood and taking one of the pairs as stimulating cells or antigens and the others as responding cells, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was carried out. As for the method of MLC we used our MLC method of unidirectional mixed culture with a small amount of lymphocytes in additition of 1% (v /v) PHA.M and cultured for three days, and a widely used conventional method in which 3H.thymidine uptake was the parameter of the blastformation rate and cultured for seven days. In comparing the results of these two groups of MLC the data in six experiments out of the seven coincided. Namely, with 5x 104 cells each of stimulating cell group and responding cell group, it is possible to achieve satisfactory MLC, the culture can be done only for three days without requiring any special technique and the results can be readily evaluated. Therefore, MLC by our simple method would yield satisfactory results in clinics.</p

幸福のパラドックスについてのノート

幸福のパラドックスについて議論する場合には、生活評価、生活満足度、幸福度、感情の四つを区別することが重要である。幸福のパラドックスとは、いわゆるイースタリン・パラドックス─国際比較でみて所得の高い国のwell-beingが高いとはいえないこと、及び一国時系列でみて所得の上昇が必ずしもwell-beingの上昇をもたらさないこと─そして国際比較で所得がある水準以上になるとwell-beingが頭打ちになること（飽和点の存在）である。しかし、Cantril Ladderによる生活評価を指標に使った近年の諸研究によれば、国際比較でみて評価と対数所得との間に直線的な右上がりの関係が見出される。これは、生活の評価がグローバル・スタンダードに基づいてなされているからだと考えられている。一国時系列でも多くの場合、生活満足度を指標にとればそれは所得の上昇とともに上昇している。ただし、感情を指標にとると米国の場合、最近の一時点でみてwell-beingがある所得水準で頭打ちになる。It is important to distinguish four sides of well-being ─ life evaluation, life satisfaction, happiness, emotion ─ when we discuss the Easterlin and Other Paradoxes. On the one hand, recent studies which analyzed the international data of Cantryl Ladder type, revealed that life evaluations have positive and linear correlations with incomes in international comparisons. On the other, a study which analyzed U. S. data, found emotional happiness saturated at a certain income level. Paradox still remains

Efficient Fast Multipole Accelerated Boundary Elements via Recursive Computation of Multipole Expansions of Integrals

In boundary element methods (BEM) in $\mathbb{R}^3$, matrix elements and right hand sides are typically computed via analytical or numerical quadrature of the layer potential multiplied by some function over line, triangle and tetrahedral volume elements. When the problem size gets large, the resulting linear systems are often solved iteratively via Krylov subspace methods, with fast multipole methods (FMM) used to accelerate the matrix vector products needed. When FMM acceleration is used, most entries of the matrix never need be computed explicitly - {\em they are only needed in terms of their contribution to the multipole expansion coefficients.} We propose a new fast method for the analytical generation of the multipole expansion coefficients produced by the integral expressions for single and double layers on surface triangles; charge distributions over line segments and over tetrahedra in the volume; so that the overall method is well integrated into the FMM, with controlled error. The method is based on the $O(1)$ per moment cost recursive computation of the moments. The method is developed for boundary element methods involving the Laplace Green's function in ${\mathbb R}^3$. The derived recursions are first compared against classical quadrature algorithms, and then integrated into FMM accelerated boundary element and vortex element methods. Numerical tests are presented and discussed.Comment: 6 figures, preprin