Potent growth inhibitory activity of platencin towards multi-drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The potent antimycobacterial activity of (±)-platencin is reported. Complete inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis growth was observed at MICs of 0.5 μg mL−1 and 0.3 μg mL−1 under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, respectively. Notably, the compound exhibited potent bacteriostatic activities towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC = 2 μg mL−1), multi-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MIC = 1 μg mL−1), and extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MIC = 1 μg mL−1). An overexpression study of the transformants of M. smegmatis revealed that platencin selectively targeted Mt-KasB and modestly inhibited Mt-KasA and Mt-FabH

Integration of pharmacoproteomic and computational approaches reveals the cellular signal transduction pathways affected by apatinib in gastric cancer cell lines

Apatinib is known to be a highly selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor with anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties. In a phase III study, the objective response rate to apatinib was low. It remains unclear why the effectivity of apatinib varies among patients and what type of patients are candidates for the treatment. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of apatinib against 13 gastric cancer cell lines and found that it differed depending on the cell line. Using integrated wet and dry approaches, we showed that apatinib was a multi-kinase inhibitor of c-Kit, RAF1, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3, predominantly inhibiting c-Kit. Notably, KATO-III, which was the most apatinib-sensitive among the gastric cancer cell lines investigated, was the only cell line expressing c-Kit, RAF1, VEGFR1, and VEGFR3 but not VEGFR2. Furthermore, we identified SNW1 as a molecule affected by apatinib that plays an important role in cell survival. Finally, we identified the molecular network related to SNW1 that was affected by treatment with apatinib. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of apatinib in KATO-III cells is independent of VEGFR2 and that the differential efficacy of apatinib was due to differences in expression patterns of receptor tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, our results suggest that the differential efficacy of apatinib in gastric cell lines may be attributed to SNW1 phosphorylation levels at a steady state. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of apatinib in gastric cancer cells