F‌I‌N‌I‌T‌E E‌L‌E‌M‌E‌N‌T M‌O‌D‌E‌L‌I‌N‌G O‌F T‌I‌R‌E M‌O‌V‌E‌M‌E‌N‌T O‌N A S‌M‌A‌R‌T A‌S‌P‌H‌A‌L‌T P‌A‌V‌E‌M‌E‌N‌T A‌N‌D I‌N‌V‌E‌S‌T‌I‌G‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F D‌A‌M‌A‌G‌E R‌E‌C‌O‌V‌E‌R‌Y (H‌E‌A‌L‌I‌N‌G) E‌F‌F‌E‌C‌T O‌N I‌T‌S L‌I‌F‌E‌T‌I‌M‌E

T‌h‌e d‌e‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f a‌s‌p‌h‌a‌l‌t p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e b‌i‌g‌g‌e‌s‌t p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s i‌n r‌o‌a‌d c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n t‌h‌e w‌o‌r‌l‌d, w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌n‌c‌u‌r‌s a h‌u‌g‌e a‌m‌o‌u‌n‌t o‌f a‌n‌n‌u‌a‌l r‌e‌b‌u‌i‌l‌d‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌e h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s t‌o r‌e‌c‌o‌v‌e‌r d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s t‌o e‌x‌t‌e‌n‌d t‌h‌e l‌i‌f‌e o‌f t‌h‌e‌s‌e p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s, w‌h‌i‌c‌h h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d b‌y r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h‌e‌r‌s i‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t y‌e‌a‌r‌s. S‌e‌l‌f-h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌o‌l‌y‌m‌e‌r‌s a‌r‌e a c‌l‌a‌s‌s o‌f s‌m‌a‌r‌t m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s t‌h‌a‌t, w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t t‌h‌e n‌e‌e‌d f‌o‌r e‌x‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌l s‌t‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, c‌a‌n r‌e‌p‌a‌i‌r p‌a‌r‌t o‌f t‌h‌e d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d a‌s m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s a‌n‌d m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌v‌o‌i‌d‌s i‌n t‌h‌e‌i‌r m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s. A‌l‌o‌n‌g w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌y, i.e., i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g i‌n t‌h‌e l‌i‌f‌e‌t‌i‌m‌e o‌f a‌s‌p‌h‌a‌l‌t p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s, t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌l‌i‌c‌i‌t t‌i‌m‌e-d‌i‌s‌c‌r‌e‌t‌e f‌o‌r‌m o‌f t‌h‌e t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c‌a‌l‌l‌y c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌s‌t‌e‌n‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌l i‌s p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o b‌e u‌t‌i‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d i‌n a f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t A‌B‌A‌Q‌U‌S s‌o‌f‌t‌w‌a‌r‌e b‌y V‌U‌M‌A‌T s‌u‌b‌r‌o‌u‌t‌i‌n‌e. T‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌c‌r‌e‌t‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d m‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d h‌e‌r‌e h‌a‌s b‌e‌n‌e‌f‌i‌t‌s s‌u‌c‌h a‌s l‌o‌w c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n c‌o‌s‌t‌s a‌n‌d h‌i‌g‌h r‌e‌l‌i‌a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y i‌n r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e. T‌h‌e‌n, t‌h‌r‌e‌e-d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g o‌f g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l v‌e‌h‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s' t‌i‌r‌e h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n d‌o‌n‌e u‌s‌i‌n‌g h‌y‌p‌e‌r‌e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c a‌n‌d v‌i‌s‌c‌o‌e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o h‌a‌v‌e t‌h‌e d‌e‌s‌i‌r‌e‌d d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌n t‌h‌e p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌f‌t‌e‌r a‌p‌p‌l‌y‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e l‌o‌a‌d. I‌n t‌h‌e f‌o‌l‌l‌o‌w‌i‌n‌g, t‌o e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e p‌e‌r‌m‌a‌n‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s (c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e‌s i‌n t‌h‌e a‌s‌p‌h‌a‌l‌t p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t) a‌n‌d t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f t‌h‌e h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s o‌n i‌t‌s d‌i‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, i‌t i‌s n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y t‌o s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e i‌t‌s b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r i‌n h‌i‌g‌h-c‌y‌c‌l‌e l‌o‌a‌d‌i‌n‌g‌s. I‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e t‌h‌e c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e o‌f c‌o‌m‌p‌u‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, a‌n a‌l‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n u‌s‌e‌d. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d, i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o s‌p‌e‌e‌d u‌p t‌h‌e g‌r‌o‌w‌t‌h o‌f d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e a‌n‌d, a‌l‌s‌o, h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t, t‌i‌r‌e m‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g v‌e‌l‌o‌c‌i‌t‌y h‌a‌s d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d. T‌h‌i‌s m‌a‌y i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e t‌h‌e t‌i‌m‌e o‌f l‌o‌a‌d‌i‌n‌g o‌n a‌s‌p‌h‌a‌l‌t; t‌h‌e‌r‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e, r‌a‌t‌e o‌f d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, t‌h‌e l‌i‌f‌e o‌f t‌h‌e a‌s‌p‌h‌a‌l‌t p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t i‌s c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t, b‌y a‌p‌p‌l‌y‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f h‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g, t‌h‌e g‌r‌o‌w‌t‌h r‌a‌t‌e o‌f d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e a‌n‌d d‌e‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s c‌a‌u‌s‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e p‌e‌r‌m‌a‌n‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e p‌a‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t l‌i‌f‌e‌t‌i‌m‌e c‌a‌n b‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d u‌p t‌o m‌o‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌n 70\%

Evaluation of the Protective Role of Vitamin C on the Metabolic and Enzymatic Activities of the Liver in the Male Rats After Exposure to 2.45 GHz Of Wi-Fi Routers

Background: The use of devices emitted microwave radiation such as mobile phones, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) routers, etc. is increased rapidly. It has caused a great concern; the researchers should identify its effects on people’s health. We evaluated the protective role of Vitamin C on the metabolic and enzymatic activities of the liver after exposure to Wi-Fi routers. Material and Methods: 70 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 7 groups (10 rats in each group).The first stage one –day test: Group A (received vitamin C 250 mg/kg/day orally together with 8- hour/day Wi-Fi exposure). Group B (exposed to Wi-Fi radiation). Group C (received vitamin C). Group D or Control (was neither exposed to radiation of Wi-Fi modem nor did receive vitamin C). The second phase of experiment had done for five consecutive days. It involved Group E (received vitamin C), Group F (exposed to Wi-Fi radiation), Group G (received vitamin C together with Wi-Fi radiation). The distance between animals’ restrainers was 20 cm away from the router antenna. Finally, blood samples were collected and assayed the level of hepatic enzymes including alkaline phosphatase(ALP), alanine amino transferase(ALT) aspartate amino transferase (ASL), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and the concentration of Blood Glucose, Cholesterol , Triglyceride(TG),High density lipoprotein (HDL)and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results: Data obtained from the One day test showed an increase in concentration of blood glucose, decrease in Triglyceride level and GGT factor (P<0.05), however no observed significant difference on the Cholesterol , HDL , LDL level and hepatic enzymes activities in compare to control group. Groups of the five-day test showed reduction in the amount of blood glucose, elevation of cholesterol level and LDL relative to control group(P<0.05). Conclusion: WiFi exposure may exert alternations on the metabolic parameters and hepatic enzymes activities through stress oxidative and increasing of free radicals, but the use of vitamin C protects them from changing induced. Also taking optimum dose of vitamin C is essential for radioprotective effect and maintaining optimum health

Can the Accuracy of Home Blood Glucose Monitors be affected by the Received Signal Strength of 900 MHz GSM Mobile Phones?

Background: People who use home blood glucose monitors may use their mobile phones in the close vicinity of medical devices. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of the signal strength of 900 MHz GSM mobile phones on the accuracy of home blood glucose monitors. Methods: Sixty non-diabetic volunteer individuals aged 21 - 28 years participated in this study. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose level by using a common blood glucose monitoring system. Each blood sample was analyzed twice, within ten minutes in presence and absence of electromagnetic fields generated by a common GSM mobile phone during ringing. Blood samples were divided into 3 groups of 20 samples each. Group 1: exposure to mobile phone radiation with weak signal strength. Group2: exposure to mobile phone radiation with strong signal strength. Group3: exposure to a switched–on mobile phone with no signal strength. Results: The magnitude of the changes in the first, second and third group between glucose levels of two measurements (׀ΔC׀ (were 7.4±3.9 mg/dl, 10.2±4.5 mg/ dl, 8.7±8.4 mg/dl respectively. The difference in the magnitude of the changes between the 1st and the 3rd groups was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the difference in the magnitude of the changes between the 2nd and the 3rd groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that the signal strength of 900 MHz GSM mobile phones cannot play a significant role in changing the accuracy of home blood glucose monitors

The Fundamental Reasons Why Laptop Computers should not be Used on Your Lap

As a tendency to use new technologies, gadgets such as laptop computers are becoming more popular among students, teachers, businessmen and office workers. Today laptops are a great tool for education and learning, work and personal multimedia. Millions of men, especially those in the reproductive age, are frequently using their laptop computers on the lap (thigh). Over the past several years, our lab has focused on the health effects of exposure to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as cellular phones, mobile base stations, mobile phone jammers, laptop computers, radars, dentistry cavitrons and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Our own studies as well as the studies performed by other researchers indicate that using laptop computers on the lap adversely affects the male reproductive health. When it is placed on the lap, not only the heat from a laptop computer can warm men’s scrotums, the electromagnetic fields generated by laptop’s internal electronic circuits as well as the Wi-Fi Radiofrequency radiation hazards (in a Wi-Fi connected laptop) may decrease sperm quality. Furthermore, due to poor working posture, laptops should not be used on the lap for long hours

Short–Term Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Mobile Phone Jammers Decreases the Fasting Blood Sugar in Adult Male Rats

Background: Substantial evidence indicates that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) above certain levels can affect human health through triggering some biological responses. According to WHO, short-term exposure to EMF at the levels present in the home/environment do not cause any apparent detrimental effects in healthy individuals. However, now, there is a debate on whether long-term exposure to low level EMF can evoke detrimental biological responses. Although based on the Communications Act of 1934, selling, advertising, using, or importing mobile jammers which block cell phone calls and text messages are illegal acts, in some countries these devices are being used for security purpose and for prevention of cheating during examinations. Methods: In this study 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The control group received no radiation. The sham exposure group was exposed to a switched-off jammer device. After fasting for 12 hours, the exposure group was exposed to EMFs at a distance of 50 cm from the jammer. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein after 24, 48 and72 hours and fasting blood sugar was measured by using a common blood glucose monitor (BIONIME GM110, Taiwan). The significance level was considered 5% and SPSS Ver. 21 was used for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between blood sugar level in the control and exposure groups after 24, 48 and 72 hours of continuous irradiation (p values were <0.001, <0.001 and 0.002, respectively). No significant difference was found between the level of fasting blood sugar in control and sham groups. Conclusion: Short-term exposure to electromagnetic field generated by mobile phone jammer can reduce blood sugar level in adult male rats. These findings, in contrast with our previous results, lead us to this conclusion that the use of these signal blocking devices in very specific circumstances may have some therapeutic effects. However, further studies have to be performed to find out the exact mechanism by which Jammer EMFs reduce fasting blood sugar

Design and Fabrication of Helmholtz Coils to Study the Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Healing Process in Periodontitis: Preliminary Animal Results

Background: Effects of electromagnetic fields on healing have been investigated for centuries. Substantial data indicate that exposure to electromagnetic field can lead to enhanced healing in both soft and hard tissues. Helmholtz coils are devices that generate pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF). Objective: In this work, a pair of Helmholtz coils for enhancing the healing process in periodontitis was designed and fabricated. Method: An identical pair of square Helmholtz coils generated the 50 Hz magnetic field. This device was made up of two parallel coaxial circular coils (100 turns in each loop, wound in series) which were separated from each other by a distance equal to the radius of one coil (12.5 cm). The windings of our Helmholtz coil was made of standard 0.95mm wire to provide the maximum possible current. The coil was powered by a function generator. Results: The Helmholtz Coils generated a uniform magnetic field between its coils. The magnetic field strength at the center of the space between two coils was 97.6 μT. Preliminary biological studies performed on rats show that exposure of laboratory animals to pulsed electromagnetic fields enhanced the healing of periodontitis. Conclusion: Exposure to PEMFs can lead to stimulatory physiological effects on cells and tissues such as enhanced healing of periodontitis