シリカ系ナノ構造体の精密合成に向けたかご型シロキサンの連結制御

早大学位記番号:新8197早稲田大

Gaze behavior in a review-a-definition task

A requirement definition document (RDD) in software development should define the necessary and sufficient conditionfor the software to satisfy. It is preferable to review and guarantee the quality of the RDD. It is, however, not easyto evaluate the goodness of the reviewer, due to various review styles and the logical complexity of such a document.Therefore, we developed a test set for the review task of the RDD and investigated the reviewers gaze behavior. The testset includes the four logical relationships between the definition and instances, and our analysis revealed that validation ofthe necessary condition is relatively easier than validation of the sufficient condition. Moreover, reviewers gaze patternswere concentrated more on a certain part of sentences when the review was successful. It may suggest that the reviewsuccess can be predicted by the reviewing eye gaze fixations on sentences with the relatively higher information gain

Ratiometric Flapping Force Probe That Works in Polymer Gels

Polymer gels have recently attracted attention for their application in flexible devices, where mechanically robust gels are required. While there are many strategies to produce tough gels by suppressing nanoscale stress concentration on specific polymer chains, it is still challenging to directly verify the toughening mechanism at the molecular level. To solve this problem, the use of the flapping molecular force probe (FLAP) is promising because it can evaluate the nanoscale forces transmitted in the polymer chain network by ratiometric analysis of a stress-dependent dual fluorescence. A flexible conformational change of FLAP enables real-time and reversible responses to the nanoscale forces at the low force threshold, which is suitable for quantifying the percentage of the stressed polymer chains before structural damage. However, the previously reported FLAP only showed a negligible response in solvated environments because undesirable spontaneous planarization occurs in the excited state, even without mechanical force. Here, we have developed a new ratiometric force probe that functions in common organogels. Replacement of the anthraceneimide units in the flapping wings with pyreneimide units largely suppresses the excited-state planarization, leading to the force probe function under wet conditions. The FLAP-doped polyurethane organogel reversibly shows a dual-fluorescence response under sub-MPa compression. Moreover, the structurally modified FLAP is also advantageous in the wide dynamic range of its fluorescence response in solvent-free elastomers, enabling clearer ratiometric fluorescence imaging of the molecular-level stress concentration during crack growth in a stretched polyurethane film

Open Set Domain Adaptation by Backpropagation

Numerous algorithms have been proposed for transferring knowledge from a label-rich domain (source) to a label-scarce domain (target). Almost all of them are proposed for a closed-set scenario, where the source and the target domain completely share the class of their samples. We call the shared class the \doublequote{known class.} However, in practice, when samples in target domain are not labeled, we cannot know whether the domains share the class. A target domain can contain samples of classes that are not shared by the source domain. We call such classes the \doublequote{unknown class} and algorithms that work well in the open set situation are very practical. However, most existing distribution matching methods for domain adaptation do not work well in this setting because unknown target samples should not be aligned with the source. In this paper, we propose a method for an open set domain adaptation scenario which utilizes adversarial training. A classifier is trained to make a boundary between the source and the target samples whereas a generator is trained to make target samples far from the boundary. Thus, we assign two options to the feature generator: aligning them with source known samples or rejecting them as unknown target samples. This approach allows extracting features that separate unknown target samples from known target samples. Our method was extensively evaluated in domain adaptation setting and outperformed other methods with a large margin in most settings.Comment: Accepted by ECCV201

Trochanteric Claw Plate Fixation for Greater Trochanteric Fracture or Osteotomy in Total Hip Arthroplasty

This study retrospectively evaluated 41 consecutive open reductions and internal fixations following primary or revision total hip arthroplasty, which required trochanteric claw plate fixation for greater trochanteric fracture or osteotomy between January 2008 and December 2020. The mean duration of clinical follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 1-13 years). The patients included 13 men and 28 women, with a mean age of 68 years (range, 32-87 years). The indications for intervention included trochanteric osteotomy, intraoperative fracture, and non-union including postoperative fracture in 6, 9, and 26 cases, respectively. The mean Merle d’Aubigné Clinical Score improved from 9.4 points (range, 5-15 points) pre-operatively, to 14.3 points (range, 9-18 points) at the last follow-up. Bone union occurred in 35 cases (85%), while implant breakage occurred in four cases. At the last follow-up, the mean Merle d’Aubigné Clinical Scores of bone union and non-union were 15.3 and 14.1, respectively (p=0.48). The Kaplan-Meier survival rate, with the endpoint being revision surgery for pain, non-union, dislocation, or implant breakage, at 10 years was 80.0% (95% confidence interval: 62.6-97.4%). Greater trochanteric fixation using a trochanteric claw plate yielded successful results

メラトニンによるポストコンディショニングは、マウス神経細胞においてメラトニン受容体を介したミトコンドリア透過性遷移孔の開口を介してNMDA受容体の働きを抑制する

Mitochondrial membrane potential regulation through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is reportedly involved in the ischemic postconditioning (PostC) phenomenon. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone that regulates circadian rhythms. Its neuroprotective effects via mitochondrial melatonin receptors (MTs) have recently attracted attention. However, details of the neuroprotective mechanisms associated with PostC have not been clarified. Using hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells from C57BL mice, we studied the involvement of MTs and the mPTP in melatonin-induced PostC mechanisms similar to those of ischemic PostC. We measured changes in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), intracellular calcium concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) currents after ischemic challenge, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Melatonin significantly suppressed increases in sEPSCs and intracellular calcium concentrations. The NMDAR currents were significantly suppressed by melatonin and the MT agonist, ramelteon. However, this suppressive effect was abolished by the mPTP inhibitor, cyclosporine A, and the MT antagonist, luzindole. Furthermore, both melatonin and ramelteon potentiated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potentials, and luzindole suppressed depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potentials. This study suggests that melatonin-induced PostC via MTs suppressed the NMDAR that was induced by partial depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential by opening the mPTP, reducing excessive release of glutamate and inducing neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.博士（医学）・甲第847号・令和4年9月28日Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Photon energy loss in ternary polymer solar cells based on nonfullerene acceptor as a third component

Understanding photon energy loss caused by the charge recombination in ternary blend polymer solar cells based on nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) is crucial for achieving further improvements in their device performance. In such a ternary system, however, the two types of donor/acceptor interface coexist, making it more difficult to analyze the photon energy loss. Here, we have focused on the origin of the voltage loss behind a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) in ternary blend devices based on one donor polymer (poly(2, 5-bis(3-(2-butyloctyl)thiophen-2-yl)-thiazolo[5, 4-]thiazole) [PTzBT]) and two acceptors, including a fullerene derivative ([6, 6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester [PCBM]) and an NFA ((2, 2′-((2Z, 2′Z)-(((4, 4, 9, 9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4, 9-dihydro-sindaceno[1, 2-:5, 6-b′]dithiophene-2, 7-diyl)bis(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)thiophene-5, 2-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(5, 6-difluoro-3-oxo-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-2, 1-diylidene))dimalononitrile) [IEICO-4F]), which exhibit VOC similar to that of fullerene-based PTzBT/PCBM binary devices. From the temperature-dependent VOC, we found that the effective interfacial bandgap is the same between them: the PTzBT/PCBM/IEICO-4F ternary blend device is the same as the PTzBT/PCBM fullerene-based binary device rather than the PTzBT/IEICO-4F nonfullerene-based binary device. This means that the recombination center of the ternary blend device is still the interface of PTzBT/PCBM regardless of the incorporation of a small amount of NFA. On the basis of detailed balance theory, we found that the radiative and nonradiative recombination voltage losses for PTzBT/PCBM/IEICO-4F ternary devices significantly reduced compared to those of fullerene-based PTzBT/PCBM binary counterparts. This is ascribed to the disappearance of charge transfer absorption due to overlap with the absorption of NFA and the reduction of energetic disorder due to the incorporation of NFA. Through this study, the role of NFAs in voltage loss is once again emphasized, and a ternary system capable of achieving high Voc resulting from significantly reduced voltage loss in ternary blend solar cells is proposed. Therefore, we believe that this research proposes the guidelines that can further enhance the power conversion efficiency of polymer solar cells

Bridging Pico-to-Nanonewtons with a Ratiometric Force Probe for Monitoring Nanoscale Polymer Physics Before Damage

Understanding the transmission of nanoscale forces in the pico-to-nanonewton range is important in polymer physics. While physical approaches have limitations in analyzing the local force distribution in condensed environments, chemical analysis using force probes is promising. However, there are stringent requirements for probing the local forces generated before structural damage. The magnitude of those forces corresponds to the range below covalent bond scission (from 200 pN to several nN) and above thermal fluctuation (several pN). Here, we report a conformationally flexible dual-fluorescence force probe with a theoretically estimated threshold of approximately 100 pN. This probe enables ratiometric analysis of the distribution of local forces in a stretched polymer chain network. Without changing the intrinsic properties of the polymer, the force distribution was reversibly monitored in real time. Chemical control of the probe location demonstrated that the local stress concentration is twice as biased at crosslinkers than at main chains, particularly in a strain-hardening region. Due to the high sensitivity, the percentage of stressed force probes was estimated to be more than 1000 times higher than the activation rate of a conventional mechanophore.Comment: 21 pages and 5 figures in the main text, and 73 pages and 68 figures in the supplementary material

マウスの神経細胞において、Ischemic postconditioningはmitochondrial permeability transition poreとKATPチャネルの開口を介してNMDA受容体電流を低下させる。

Ischemic postconditioning (PostC) is known to reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, whether the opening of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (mito-KATP) channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) cause the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane that remains unknown. We examined the involvement of the mito-KATP channel and the mPTP in the PostC mechanism. Ischemic PostC consisted of three cycles of 15 s reperfusion and 15 s re-ischemia, and was started 30 s after the 7.5 min ischemic load. We recorded N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)-mediated currents and measured cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations, and mitochondrial membrane potentials in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Both ischemic PostC and the application of a mito-KATP channel opener, diazoxide, reduced NMDAR-mediated currents, and suppressed cytosolic Ca2+ elevations during the early reperfusion period. An mPTP blocker, cyclosporine A, abolished the reducing effect of PostC on NMDAR currents. Furthermore, both ischemic PostC and the application of diazoxide potentiated the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicate that ischemic PostC suppresses Ca²⁺ influx into the cytoplasm by reducing NMDAR-mediated currents through mPTP opening. The present study suggests that depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential by opening of the mito-KATP channel is essential to the mechanism of PostC in neuroprotection against anoxic injury.博士（医学）・甲第781号・令和3年3月15日© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Cellular and molecular neurobiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-020-00996-y