Economy and the distribution of reflexives.

This dissertation is a cross-linguistic discussion of the distribution of reflexives within the framework of generative grammar. The languages dealt with are mainly Dutch, English and Japanese, although other languages are also referred to. The aim of the dissertation is to make a contribution to an economy-based analysis of binding. First, it develops a novel analysis of the syntax of anaphoric binding. Second, it evaluates the adequacy of the cross-modular economy condition of Reuland (2001) and suggests a modification of it that accounts for cases where the effects of economy appear to be suspended. Third, it investigates the division of labour between syntax and pragmatics in accounting for the distribution of SELF anaphors. And finally, it makes a contribution to the literature on the so-called anaphor-agreement effect by showing that variation in the cross-linguistic occurrence of this effect strongly favours a theory of argument marking that dissociates case and agreement, as in GB-based theories of argument licensing. Chapter 1 is the introduction to the dissertation. In Chapter 2, the history of binding theory from the viewpoint of economy will be reviewed. This chapter also argues against movement approaches to the syntactic encoding of anaphoric binding and introduces an alternative. Chapter 3 aims to establish the role that pragmatic considerations such as assertive vs. presupposed reflexivity and intensification play in the distribution of morphologically complex reflexives and to discuss the relation between these proposals and alternative, syntax-based, approaches to the role of the SELF-morpheme. Then, in Chapter 4, it is discussed how binding relations can be implemented with the syntactic apparatus of Chapter 2 and also how the distribution of reflexives is affected by economy. Chapter 5 discusses the Anaphor-Agreement Effect (Rizzi 1999) and its implications for the theories of argument marking. Chapter 6 is the conclusion

Hole density dependence of effective mass, mobility and transport time in strained Ge channel modulation-doped heterostructures

We performed systematic low-temperature (T = 350 mK–15 K) magnetotransport measurements on the two-dimensional hole gas with various sheet carrier densities Ps = (0.57–2.1)×1012 cm–2 formed in the strained Ge channel modulation-doped (MOD) SiGe heterostructures grown on Si substrates. It was found that the effective hole mass deduced by temperature dependent Shubnikov–de Hass oscillations increased monotonically from (0.087±0.05)m0 to (0.19±0.01)m0 with the increase of Ps, showing large band nonparabolicity in strained Ge. In contrast to this result, the increase of the mobility with increasing Ps (up to 29 000 cm2/V s) was observed, suggesting that Coulomb scattering played a dominant role in the transport of the Ge channel at low temperatures. In addition, the Dingle ratio of the transport time to the quantum lifetime was found to increase with increasing Ps, which was attributed to the increase of remote impurity scattering with the increase of the doping concentration in MOD SiGe layers

Extremely high room-temperature two-dimensional hole gas mobility in Ge/Si0.33Ge0.67/Si(001) p-type modulation-doped heterostructures

To extract the room-temperature drift mobility and sheet carrier density of two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) that form in Ge strained channels of various thicknesses in Ge/Si0.33Ge0.67/Si(001) p-type modulation-doped heterostructures, the magnetic field dependences of the magnetoresistance and Hall resistance at temperature of 295 K were measured and the technique of maximum entropy mobility spectrum analysis was applied. This technique allows a unique determination of mobility and sheet carrier density of each group of carriers present in parallel conducting multilayers semiconductor heterostructures. Extremely high room-temperature drift mobility (at sheet carrier density) of 2DHG 2940 cm2 V–1 s–1 (5.11×1011 cm–2) was obtained in a sample with a 20 nm thick Ge strained channel

Electrical Detection and Magnetic-Field Control of Spin States in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon

Electron paramagnetic resonance of ensembles of phosphorus donors in silicon has been detected electrically with externally applied magnetic fields lower than 200 G. Because the spin Hamiltonian was dominated by the contact hyperfine term rather than by the Zeeman terms at such low magnetic fields, superposition states $\alpha{}| \uparrow \downarrow >+\beta{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ and $-\beta{}| \uparrow \downarrow > + \alpha{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ were formed between phosphorus electron and nuclear spins, and electron paramagnetic resonance transitions between these superposition states and $| \uparrow \uparrow >$ or $| \downarrow \downarrow >$ states are observed clearly. A continuous change of $\alpha{}$ and $\beta{}$ with the magnetic field was observed with a behavior fully consistent with theory of phosphorus donors in silicon.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Heavy-Mass Behavior of Ordered Perovskites ACu3Ru4O12 (A = Na, Ca, La)

We synthesized ACu3Ru4O12 (A = Na, Na0.5Ca0.5, Ca, Ca0.5La0.5, La) and measured their DC magnetization, AC susceptibility, specific heat, and resistivity, in order to investigate the effects of the hetero-valent substitution. A broad peak in the DC magnetization around 200 K was observed only in CaCu3Ru4O12, suggesting the Kondo effect due to localized Cu2+ ions. However, the electronic specific heat coefficients exhibit large values not only for CaCu3Ru4O12 but also for all the other samples. Moreover, the Wilson ratio and the Kadowaki-Woods ratio of our samples are all similar to the values of other heavy-fermion compounds. These results question the Kondo effect as the dominant origin of the mass enhancement, and rather indicate the importance of correlations among itinerant Ru electrons.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Epidemiological patterns of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in highly endemic areas

This paper uses meta-analysis of published data and a deterministic mathematical model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission to describe the patterns of HBV infection in high endemicity areas. We describe the association between the prevalence of carriers and a simple measure of the rate of infection, the age at which half the population have been infected (A50), and assess the contribution of horizontal and perinatal transmission to this association. We found that the two main hyper-endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and east Asia have similar prevalences of carriers and values of A50, and that there is a negative nonlinear relationship between A50 and the prevalence of carriers in high endemicity areas (Spearman's Rank, P = 0·0086). We quantified the risk of perinatal transmission and the age-dependent rate of infection to allow a comparison between the main hyper-endemic areas. East Asia was found to have higher prevalences of HBeAg positive mothers and a greater risk of perinatal transmission from HBeAg positive mothers than sub-Saharan Africa, though the differences were not statistically significant. However, the two areas have similar magnitudes and age-dependent rates of horizontal transmission. Results of a simple compartmental model suggest that similar rates of horizontal transmission are sufficient to generate the similar patterns between A50 and the prevalences of carriers. Interrupting horizontal transmission by mass immunization is expected to have a significant, nonlinear impact on the rate of acquisition of new carriers

Energy transformation cost for the Japanese mid-century strategy

The costs of climate change mitigation policy are one of the main concerns in decarbonizing the economy. The macroeconomic and sectoral implications of policy interventions are typically estimated by economic models, which tend be higher than the additional energy system costs projected by energy system models. Here, we show the extent to which policy costs can be lower than those from conventional economic models by integrating an energy system and an economic model, applying Japan’s mid-century climate mitigation target. The GDP losses estimated with the integrated model were significantly lower than those in the conventional economic model by more than 50% in 2050. The representation of industry and service sector energy consumption is the main factor causing these differences. Our findings suggest that this type of integrated approach would contribute new insights by providing improved estimates of GDP losses, which can be critical information for setting national climate policies

Integration of a computable general equilibrium model with an energy system model: Application of the AIM global model

An integrated assessment model AIM (Asia-Pacific Integrated Model) has been used climate change mitigation studies and the core of AIM is a computable general equilibrium model, AIM/Hub. However, the energy representation in the AIM/Hub is abstract and to overcome that shortcoming, this study integrated AIM/Hub with the energy system model AIM/Technology. First, we assessed how the new integrated model differ from the original standalone AIM/Hub. Second, we conducted the exchange of model outputs iteratively and evaluated how the model results converged. Comparing previous and corresponding iteration, the data points with discrepancies greater than 5% at the third iteration were only 5 variables which were minor variables from the full energy system point of view. The macroeconomic implications of climate change mitigation differ between the standalone AIM/Hub and the new integrated model, and however, there was no systematic discrepancies. Overall, the new model is valid for exploring energy-economic scenarios

Alternative, but expensive, energy transition scenario featuring carbon capture and utilization can preserve existing energy demand technologies

To reach net-zero carbon emissions, most climate change mitigation scenarios model a rapid transition from hydrocarbon-based energy to renewables, wide-scale electrification, and offsets to mitigate residual emissions. This requires phasing out existing hydrocarbon infrastructure and adjustments to electrification. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) to produce synthetic fuels could be an alternative way to reach net zero while maintaining some existing energy infrastructure and minimizing the societal transition required, yet such scenarios remain unexamined. Here, we analyzed a CCU-based net-zero emissions scenario using a global energy system model. We find that synthetic fuel could meet 30% of energy demand by 2050, resulting in maintaining some existing technologies in energy demand sectors. Meanwhile, this scenario requires rapid upscaling of non-biomass renewables and direct air capture. The CCU-based scenario could be an alternative pathway; however, it involves multiple challenges related to technological feasibility and increased mitigation costs relative to net-zero scenarios using renewables, bioenergy, and carbon dioxide removal