The Teaching of Procedure Across Common Law Systems

What difference does the teaching of procedure make to legal education, legal scholarship, the legal profession, and civil justice reform? This first of four articles on the teaching of procedure canvasses the landscape of current approaches to the teaching of procedure in four legal systems—the United States, Canada, Australia, and England and Wales—surveying the place of procedure in the law school curriculum and in professional training, the kinds of subjects that “procedure” encompasses, and the various ways in which procedure is learned. Little sustained reflection has been carried out as to the import and impact of this longstanding law school subject. Through a comparative approach, this series of articles explores what difference the approach a particular jurisdiction has chosen to adopt makes for legal education, legal scholarship, the practice of law and the profession, and to civil justice reform in our legal system. En quoi l’enseignement de la procédure civile modifi e-t-il les études juridiques, la recherche juridique, la profession d’avocat et la réforme de la justice civile? Ce premier de quatre articles sur l’enseignement de la procédure dresse le tableau de l’approche actuellement utilisée dans quatre systèmes juridiques – aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Australie, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles – et se penche sur la place qu’occupe la procédure dans le programme des facultés de droit et dans la formation professionnelle, les matières qui constituent la « procédure » et les diverses façons d’apprendre la procédure. L’importance et l’incidence de cette matière traditionnelle des facultés de droit ont fait jusqu’ici l’objet de fort peu de réfl exion en profondeur. Par le biais d’une approche comparative, cette série d’articles examine en quoi l’approche adoptée dans ces pays modifi e chez nous les études et la recherche juridiques, la pratique du droit, la profession d’avocat et la réforme du système de justice civile

THE SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF VIRAL DNA SYNTHESIS BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS: AN INDICATOR OF CLINICAL USEFULNESS? *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72533/1/j.1749-6632.1977.tb21976.x.pd

Con-Resistant Trust for Improved Reliability in a Smart Grid Special Protection System

This paper applies a con-resistant trust mechanism to improve the performance of a communications-based special protection system to enhance its effectiveness and resiliency. Smart grids incorporate modern information technologies to increase reliability and efficiency through better situational awareness. However, with the benefits of this new technology come the added risks associated with threats and vulnerabilities to the technology and to the critical infrastructure it supports. The research in this paper uses con-resistant trust to quickly identify malicious or malfunctioning (untrustworthy) protection system nodes to mitigate instabilities. The con-resistant trust mechanism allows protection system nodes to make trust assessments based on the node\u27s cooperative and defective behaviors. These behaviors are observed via frequency readings which are prediodically reported. The trust architecture is tested in experiments by comparing a simulated special protection system with a con-resistant trust mechanism to one without the mechanism via an analysis of the variance statistical model. Simulation results show promise for the proposed con-resistant trust mechanism. © IEE

II Letter to the editor in response to J. Suhnel's comment on the paper: A three-dimensional model to analyze drug-drug interactions : Prichard, M.N. and Shipman, C., Jr. (1990) Antiviral Res. 14, 181-206

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30292/1/0000694.pd

I Letter to the editor in response to the paper: Efficacy of ganciclovir in combination with zidovudine against cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo : Freitas, V.R., Fraser-Smith, E.B., Chiu, S., Michelson, S. and Schatzman, R.C. (1993) Antiviral Res. 21, 301-315

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31414/1/0000331.pd

Antiviral activity of 2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected mammalian cells

2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole (IMPY), a known inhibitor of DNA synthesis, has been shown to be a useful drug for the synchronization of mammalian cells in culture. Recent studies in our laboratory indicate that IMPY may possess significant antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1. IMPY. at a concentration of 80 [mu]g/ml or 0.73 mM, reduced syncytia formation approximately 80 per cent. A 50 per cent inhibitory dose was calculated for each drug in order to compare potency in syncytia reduction of IMPY with that of arabinosyladenine (ara-A) and arabinosyl-hypoxanthine (ara-H). Our results indicated that the antiviral potencies of the three drugs were ranked in the order ara-A > ara-H > IMPY, the 50 per cent inhibitory doses being 22, 195 and 309 [mu]M respectively. Utilizing the microplate procedure of Sidwell and Huffman [Appl. Microbiol. 22, 797 (1971)], inhibition of viral cytopathic effect was rated against drug cytotoxicity and a virus rating (VR) established. A virus rating of 0.68 was calculated for IMPY. In comparison, VR values of 0.84 and 0.66 were obtained for ara-A and ara-H respectively. In contrast to the syncytia reduction studies, IMPY appeared to possess antiviral activity equivalent to that of ara-H according to the criteria of the virus rating assay. A technique was developed for evaluating the degree of selectivity ([deg]S) of a drug with respect to its differential effect on viral and cellular DNA synthesis. IMPY was found to possess a negative selectivity at all concentrations studied, reflecting the fact that it inhibited cellular DNA synthesis more than viral DNA synthesis. In contrast, ara-A and ara-H both expressed positive degrees of selectivity in that they inhibited viral DNA synthesis more extensively than cellular DNA synthesis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21651/1/0000035.pd

Doodle Health: A Crowdsourcing Game for the Co-design and Testing of Pictographs to Reduce Disparities in Healthcare Communication

Supplementing patient education content with pictographs can improve the comprehension and recall of information, especially patients with low health literacy. Pictograph design and testing, however, are costly and time consuming. We created a Web-based game, Doodle Health, for crowdsourcing the drawing and validation of pictographs. The objective of this pilot study was to test the usability of the game and its appeal to healthcare consumers. The chief purpose of the game is to involve a diverse population in the co-design and evaluation of pictographs. We conducted a community-based focus group to inform the game design. Game designers, health sciences librarians, informatics researchers, clinicians, and community members participated in two Design Box meetings. The results of the meetings were used to create the Doodle Health crowdsourcing game. The game was presented and tested at two public fairs. Initial testing indicates crowdsourcing is a promising approach to pictograph development and testing for relevancy and comprehension. Over 596 drawings were collected and 1,758 guesses were performed to date with 70-90% accuracies, which are satisfactorily high

Selective inhibition of herpes simplex virus ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone

The effects of thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine on mammalian and viral ribonucleoside diphosphate reductases were investigated. The enzymes were partially purified from uninfected and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)-infected KB cells by sequential salt fractionation with streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate and by affinity chromatography on ATP-agarose. The five thiosemicarbazone derivatives investigated were all potent inhibitors of the virus-induced reductase. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (50 values) range from 2 to 13 [mu]M. Four of the five derivatives also were inhibitors of the host cell reductase . A semicarbazone was inactive against the cellular enzyme and relatively weak as an inhibitor of the viral enzyme . Four of the six compounds were preferential inhibitors of the viral reductase based on a comparison of 50 values (5- to > 85-fold difference). Kinetic experiments revealed that inhibition of the HSV-1 reductase by the thiosemicarbazones was noncompetitive with respect to CDP and dithiothreitol. A comparison of the inhibitory effects of 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone itself on viral reductase and on virus replication in vitro demonstrated a similarity in the dose-response relationships for the two parameters. This observation supports the hypothesis that the HSV-induced ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase is an important target for the design of antiviral drugs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26189/1/0000268.pd

Prevalence of type R virus-like particles in clones of BHK-21 cells

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32926/1/0000308.pd