ハ ノ イドウジ ニオケル ケモカイン ノ ハツゲン ニ カンスル ケントウ

Chemokines are a group of cytokines that form a large family of structurally related proteins and are chemotactically active for specific types of leukocytes. Recently, various biological effects of chemokine such as angiogenesis, immune response and cancer metastasis were reported, in addition to chemotactic activity for leukocytes. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of chemokines in the periodontal tissue remodeling during experimental tooth movement. Tooth movement was performed by the elastic band insertion between the upper first and second molars of 7 weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats according to the method of Waldo. The animals were sacrificed at 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after the placement of elastic bands. The rats without elastic bands were used as controls. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analysis using specific primers for chemokines and its receptors revealed that the expression of Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and its receptors (CCR1, CCR5), and that of Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 were increased in the periodontal tissue during tooth movement. In addition, immunohistochemical staining was carried out using paraffin embedded sections to examine the localization of these chemokines and receptors. MIP-1α expression was observed in the pressure side of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblast at 1 and 2 days after orthodontic force application. On the other hand, CCR5 expression was observed in PDL fibroblast and osteoblast, and a high level of expression could be observed at 3 days. SDF-1 was expressed by PDL fibroblast and osteoblast, and a maximum expression could be found at 3 days. CXCR4 positive cells were detected in the bone marrow of alveolar bone, and the number of these cells were increased corresponding to tooth movement. Furthermore, to analyze the effect of MIP-1α toward osteoclast, in vitro experiment was performed by means of rabbit unfractionated bone cell cultures. As a result, MIP-1α promoted osteoclast formation, activation and chemotacitc activity, and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocked MIP-1α-stimulated osteoclast formation and activation. These results suggest that MIP-1α induces osteoblast RANK ligand expression via CCR5, consequently enhances osteoclastic bone resorption, and that SDF-1 promotes recruitment of CXCR4 positive cells including endothelial progenitor cells and osteoclast precursors. Therefore, these chemokines and receptors may be involved in periodontal tissue remodeling

A treatment case of Sotos syndrome

Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by overgrowth in childhood, specific facial manifestations, advanced bone age, and mental retardation. Although only one case report of Sotos syndrome treated with surgical orthodontics has thus far been published, there have also been a few detailed reports of long-term observation of Sotos syndrome through total orthodontic treatment. This article aimed to present the case of a growing patient with skeletal mandibular protrusion and unilateral posterior crossbite as present in Sotos syndrome treated with a non-surgical orthodontic technique. A 10-year-old boy was diagnosed with skeletal mandibular protrusion and posterior crossbite associated with Sotos syndrome. After maxillary lateral expansion, the skeletal Class III relationship with an anterior crossbite improved owing to mandibular clockwise rotation, while the facemask had a marginal effect. At the completion of growth at 16 years, he had a skeletal Class I relationship, and thus, conventional orthodontic treatment with preadjusted edgewise appliances was initiated. After 41 months of multibracket treatment, acceptable occlusion with a functional Class I relationship was obtained. At 12 months postretention, no or few changes in occlusion and facial features were observed. Our results demonstrate that considering the maxillofacial vertical growth during peripubertal period associated with Sotos syndrome, much attention should be paid to the early orthopedic treatment with the facemask and/or chin cap