Growth, biochemical response and liver health of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fed fermented and nonfermented tuna hydrolysate as fishmeal protein replacement ingredients

© 2018 Siddik et al. Conventional aquaculture feed materials available in Australia are expensive, which has prompted the search for alternatives that would be cost-effective and locally available. The present study was undertaken in order to maximize the use of a tuna hydrolysate (TH), which was produced locally from the tuna-processing discards. The growth performance, biochemical status, antioxidant capacity and liver health of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were assessed. Two series of isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets labelled as TH50, TH75(non-fermented tuna hydrolysate) and FTH50, FTH75(fermented tuna hydrolysate) were formulated to replace FM at 50% and 75%, respectively. A basal diet without the TH supplementation was used as a control. The experimental diets were fed to the triplicate groups of fish three times a day for 56 days. The results of the experiment revealed that fish fed on both fermented and non-fermented TH-containing diets significantly reduced (p < 0:05) the final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate compared to the control. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, protein and lipid were obtained in the control group, and decreased with the increasing level of TH in the diets. However, the whole-body proximate compositions and the blood biochemical indices of fish were not affected by the TH inclusion in the diets. The fish fed on TH diets of TH50, FTH50and TH75exhibited reduced (p < 0:05) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity compared to the control; whereas the FTH75exhibited no difference with the control. The excessive inclusion of TH in the diets of TH75and FTH75resulted in cytoplasmic vacuolization, with an increased amount of lipid accumulation, and necrosis in the liver tissue. These results indicated that the replacement of the FM protein with TH at 50% and 75% inclusion levels negatively affected the growth performance, feed utilization, and digestibility in juvenile barramundi; and it also increased the potential risk of hepatic failure in the fish. Further investigation is, therefore, required in order to optimize the TH levels in the fish diets which would be suitable for the growth of fish, as well as for maintaining the enhanced biochemical response in juvenile barramundi

Toxicidade, eficácia e efeitos morfofuncionais do antimicrobiano azitromicina para a tilápia Oreochromis niloticus

The increase of fish production in intensive systems involves the use of antimicrobians in the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute toxicity (CL50; 48h) of the antimicrobial azithromycin (AZT) for fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the effects on young tilapia, after chronic exposure (14 days) via hematological analysis, morphology gills, liver and kidneys and antioxidant system responses in the liver, and to determine the efficacy of control of Aeromonas hydrophila via hematological analysis and innate immune response, in addition to the morphological effects gills, kidneys and liver and antioxidant system responses in the liver. The acute toxicity (LC50; 48h) of the AZT to tilapia was > 100 mg L-1 being th AZT classified as practically non-toxic. After chronic exposure, there was an increase in hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and in the mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes (MCV) and no change in the other variables of the red series was observed. The leukocytes increased after exposure to 100 mg L-1 AZT. Histological changes in gills suggest defense response against irritant agent and indicate normal structure and function of the organ; in the kidney no changes was observed and in the liver changes were classified as moderate to severe. In the efficacy trial, the offering of medicated food with AZT (100 and 125 mg kg-1) to animals infected with A. hydrophila was efficient and all of the treated animals survived; of the untreated animals 22% came to death. The Hct decreased and the hematimetric indices mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased, the percentage of lymphocytes decreased and the percentage of neutrophil increased in untreated infected animals, but were unchanged in animals treated with AZT. No change occurred in innate immunity assessed by the activity of lysozyme, complement system and leukocytes respiratory burst activity. Gills showed no changes that could interfere in the organ function, in the liver changes were classified from mild to moderate and didn´t occurred alterations in the kidneys. Animals treated with AZT showed no adverse effects related to defense cells and the innate immune activity. The drug also caused no changes in antioxidant defense enzymes in the animals' liver after chronic exposure and did not generate oxidative stress. After challenge with A. hydrophila occurred an increased in the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione level in the liver of animals treated with AZT and the glutathione level decreased in the infected group and untreated. These responses suggest that infection caused by A. hydrophila can induce an increased production of ROS and, consequently, stimulated responses of the antioxidant defenses. These responses were effective to prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)O aumento da produção de peixes em sistema intensivo implica no uso de antimicrobianos em tratamento de doenças causadas por bactérias. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar toxicidade aguda (CL50;48h) do antimicrobiano azitromicina (AZT) para alevinos de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Os seus efeitos em jovens de tilápia, após exposição crônica (14 dias), pela análise hematológica, morfologia de brânquias, fígado e rins e respostas do sistema antioxidante no fígado, assim como a determinação da eficácia sobre Aeromonas hydrophila, pela análise hematológica e resposta imune inata, além dos efeitos morfológicos em brânquias, fígado e rins e respostas do sistema antioxidante no fígado. A toxicidade aguda (CL50;48h) da AZT para tilápia foi > 100 mg L-1 sendo classificada como praticamente não tóxico. Após exposição crônica, ocorreu aumento do hematócrito (Hct), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), e no volume corpuscular médio dos eritrócitos (VCM) sem alterações nas demais variáveis da série vermelha. Os leucócitos aumentaram após exposição a 100 mg L-1 de AZT. As alterações histológicas nas brânquias sugerem resposta de defesa contra agente irritante e indicou estrutura e função normal do órgão; nos rins não ocorreu alterações e no fígado foram classificadas como moderadas a severas. No ensaio de eficácia, com ração medicada com AZT (100 e 125 mg kg-1) aos animais infectados com A. hydrophila se mostrou eficiente, e todos os animais tratados sobreviveram. A mortalidade no grupo não tratado foi de 22 %. O hematócrito diminuiu e os índices hematimétricos, hemoglobina corpuscular média e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média aumentaram. A porcentagem de linfócitos diminuiu e a de neutrófilos aumentou nos animais infectados não-tratados, mas sem alteração nos animais tratados. Não ocorreu alteração na imunidade inata, avaliada pela atividade da lisozima, sistema complemento e “burst” respiratório dos leucócitos. As brânquias não apresentaram alterações que interferissem na função do órgão. No fígado as alterações foram classificadas de leves a moderadas, sem alteração nos rins. Animais tratados com AZT não apresentaram efeitos adversos relacionados às células de defesa e atividade imune inata. O fármaco também não causou alterações nas enzimas de defesa antioxidantes no fígado dos animais após exposição crônica, sem estresse oxidativo. Após desafio com A. hydrophila ocorreu aumento da atividade da catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa transferase e nível de glutationa no fígado dos animais tratados com AZT e o nível de glutationa diminuiu no grupo infectado e não tratado. Estas respostas sugerem que a infecção causada pela A. hydrophila pode induzir o aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e, consequentemente, estimulou as respostas das defesas antioxidantes. Essas respostas foram eficientes para evitar a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo.FAPESP: 2011/21552-

Efeitos tóxicos de surfactantes fitossanitários para o peixe mato grosso (Hyphessobrycon eques) =Toxic effects of phytosanitary surfactants for jewel tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques)

Os surfactantes são moléculas anfipáticas que reduzem a tensão superficial da água e fazem parte dos componentes inertes das formulações de produtos fitossanitários. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estimar a concentração letal (CL(I)(50;96h)); classificar e avaliar a qualidade da água durante os testes de toxicidade aguda dos surfactantes: Agral®, Aterbane® BR, Ag-Bem®, Energic®, Fixade® e Gotafix® para o peixe mato grosso (Hyphessobrycon eques); e os sinais de intoxicação nos animais. Para tanto, os peixes foram aclimatados por dez dias em sala de bioensaio. Os animais foram expostos aos surfactantes em DIC com três repetições. A CL(I)(50;96h) do surfactante Agral® foi 3,29 mg L-1; do Aterbane® BR, 8,21 mg L-1; do Energic®, 2,34 mg L-1; do Gotafix®, 4,37 mg L-1; do Fixade®, 3,38 mg L-1 e do Ag-Bem®, 34,95 mg L-1. As variáveis de qualidade da água não foram alteradas. Os peixes apresentaram aumento do batimento opercular após a exposição; 4 e 24h, perda da capacidade de arfagem; 48h, batimento opercular lento e 72 e 96h, recuperação. Os surfactantes Energic®, Agral®, Gotafix®, Aterbane® BR e Fixade® podem ser classificados como moderadamente tóxicos e o Ag-Bem® como pouco tóxico para H. eques e este organismo apresenta sinais de intoxicação semelhantes para todos os surfactantes.<br><br>Surfactants are amphipatic molecules that reduce the surface tension of water and make up the inert components of pesticide formulations. Thus, the objectives of this study were: to estimate the lethal concentration (LC(I)50;96h); classify and evaluate water quality during testing of the following surfactants: Agral®, Aterbane®BR,Ag-bem®, Energic®, Fixade® and Gotafix® for jewel tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques); and the signs of intoxication in the animals. For this, the fish were acclimated for ten days in the bioassay room. The animals were exposed to the surfactants in an entirely randomizeddesign with three replications. The LC(I)(50;96h) of surfactant Agral® was 3.29 mg L-1; Aterbane® BR 8.21 mg L-1; Energic® 2.34 mg L-1; Gotafix® 4.37 mg L-1; Fixade® 3.38 mg L-1; and Ag-bem® 34.95 mg L-1. The variables of water quality were unchanged. The fish showed an increase in the opercular beating after exposure; 4 and 24 hours, loss of gasping ability; 48 hours, slow opercular beating; and 72 and 96 hours later, recovery. The surfactants Energic®, Agral®, Gotafix®, Aterbane® BR and Fixade® can be classified as moderately toxics, and Ag-Bem® as slightly toxic for H. eques; this organism shows similarintoxication signs for all surfactants

Imazapyr herbicide efficacy on floating macrophyte control and ecotoxicology for non-target organisms

the aims of this study were to determine imazapyr efficacy for floating macrophyte control and ecotoxicology for non-target organisms. For the floating macrophyte control efficacy tests were used the doses of 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 and 4,0 L ha(-1) and a control with 10 replicates. The acute toxicology for non-target organisms was estimated by lethal concentration 50% (LC50 and EC50). The floating macrophyte control efficacy was over 90%. Imazapyr was classified as moderately toxic for the following biomarkers: L. minor, H. eques, B. rerio, P. caudimaculatus, P. canaliculata, and P. mesopotamicus and lightly toxic for A. caroliniana. Thus, imazapyr herbicide is a tool with great potential to be used on floating macrophyte control (E. crassipes, P. stratiotes e S. molesta) in Brazil and this practice can be evaluated by the use of application biomarkers.O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a eficácia do imazapyr no controle de macrófitas flutuantes e a ecotoxicidade para organismos não alvos. Para os ensaios de eficácia de controle das macrófitas flutuantes, foram utilizadas as doses de 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 e 4,0 L ha-1 e um controle com 10 réplicas. A toxicidade aguda para organismos não alvos foi estimada pela concentração letal de 50% (CL50 e CE50). A eficácia de controle para as macrófitas flutuantes foi acima de 90%. O imazapyr foi classificado como moderadamente tóxico para os bioindicadores L. minor, H. eques, B. rerio, P. caudimaculatus, P. canaliculata e P.mesopotamicus e ligeiramente tóxico para A. caroliniana. Assim, o herbicida imazapyr é uma ferramenta com grande potencial para ser usada no controle de macrófitas flutuantes (E. crassipes, P. stratiotes e S. molesta) no Brasil, e a sua utilização pode ser avaliada por meio de bioindicadores de aplicação

Ecotoxicity of glyphosate and aterbane® br surfactant on guaru (Phalloceros caudimaculatus) = Ecotoxicologia do glifosato e surfactante aterbane® br para guaru (Phalloceros caudimaculatus)

Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic ecosystems, but these plants have become a problem due to their occurrence in different regions. Some studies aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of herbicides to control these macrophytes; however, fewstudies report the possible ecotoxicological effects. The objective of this study was to estimate the acute toxicity (LC (I)50;96h) and assess water quality variables for glyphosate in the Rodeo® formulation, Aterbane® BR surfactant and mixtures of glyphosate + 0.5% and 1.0% of surfactant, for the guaru fish (Phallocerus caudimaculatus). The guaru was exposed to increasing concentrationsof glyphosate and a mixture of glyphosate + 0.5 and 1.0% of surfactant. The mixture of glyphosate and glyphosate + 0.5 and 1.0% of surfactant showed (LC (I)50;96h) > 975.0 mg L-1. For the surfactant, the rate was 5.81 mg L-1. The glyphosate and mixtures of glyphosate + 0.5% and 1.0% of surfactant caused a decrease in pH and dissolved oxygen and increased the electrical conductivity of water. Glyphosate in the Rodeo® formulation and the mixtures with surfactantAterbane® BR can be classified as practically nontoxic, whereas surfactant Aterbane® BR can be considered as moderately toxic to guaru.As macrófitas aquáticas são importantes componentes dos ecossistemas, porém elas têm se tornado um problema pela sua ocorrência em diversas regiões. Alguns estudos visam comprovar a eficácia dos herbicidas no controle dessas macrófitas, porém, poucos trabalhos relatam os possíveis efeitos ecotoxicológicos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a toxicidade aguda (LC (I)50;96h) e avaliar as variáveis de qualidade de água para o glifosato na formulação Rodeo®, o surfactante Aterbane® BR e das misturas de glifosato + 0,5 e 1,0% do surfactante, para o peixe guaru (Phallocerus caudimaculatus). Para tanto, o guaru foi exposto a concentrações de glifosato e da mistura do glifosato + 0,5 e 1,0% do surfactante. O glifosato e a mistura do glifosato + 0,5 e 1,0% do surfactante apresentaram (LC (I)50;96h) > 975,0 mg L-1. Para o surfactante, foi de 5,81 mg L-1. O glifosato e as misturas de glifosato + 0,5 e 1,0% de surfactante causaram diminuição do pH e do oxigênio dissolvido e aumento da condutividadeelétrica da água. O glifosato na formulação Rodeo® e as misturas com surfactante Aterbane® BR podem ser classificados como praticamente não-tóxicos, enquanto que o surfactante Aterbane® BR pode ser considerado como moderadamente tóxico para o guaru

Ecotoxicologia do glifosato e surfactante aterbane® br para guaru (Phalloceros caudimaculatus)

Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic ecosystems, but these plants have become a problem due to their occurrence in different regions. Some studies aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of herbicides to control these macrophytes; however, few studies report the possible ecotoxicological effects. The objective of this study was to estimate the acute toxicity (LC (I)50;96h) and assess water quality variables for glyphosate in the Rodeo® formulation, Aterbane® BR surfactant and mixtures of glyphosate + 0.5% and 1.0% of surfactant, for the guaru fish (Phallocerus caudimaculatus). The guaru was exposed to increasing concentrations of glyphosate and a mixture of glyphosate + 0.5 and 1.0% of surfactant. The mixture of glyphosate and glyphosate + 0.5 and 1.0% of surfactant showed (LC (I)50;96h) > 975.0 mg L -1. For the surfactant, the rate was 5.81 mg L -1. The glyphosate and mixtures of glyphosate + 0.5% and 1.0% of surfactant caused a decrease in pH and dissolved oxygen and increased the electrical conductivity of water. Glyphosate in the Rodeo® formulation and the mixtures with surfactant Aterbane® BR can be classified as practically nontoxic, whereas surfactant Aterbane® BR can be considered as moderately toxic to guaru