Accumulation efficiency of degradable matter during the early grain-filling period in rice

The dry weight of cellular contents in the whole rice plant (dWc/dt) is partitioned from the crop growth rate (dW/dt), and the resulting rate represents the accumulation efficiency of degradable matter (dWc/dW). The grain yielding ability and stability are significantly affected by the dry matter partitioning to cell wall during grain filling stage. Comparative studies for dWc/dW during the early grain-filling period were conducted using diverse genotypes of rice varieties in eight experimental fields in Japan, China, and Thailand for 2 yr to develop a simplified process model with submodels for partitioning. Nine rice varieties-2 japonica, 3 indica, indica×japonica, indica×javanica, javanica, and NERICA-were used. dWc/dW was measured by enzymatic analysis. The relationship between dW/dt and the accumulation rate of cellular contents per unit ground area (dWc/dt) was described using a linear regression equation, and the proportionality factor k (slope), which represents accumulation efficiency, was estimated using data from each variety. The k values varied from 0.570 for the traditional indica cv. Ch86 (CH) to 0.765 for the WAB450 line (WA), which is a NERICA variety. High values of dWc/dW were observed in the modern varieties developed by remote crossing [Takanari (TA) and WA]. The average k value from the results of multi-site experiments was 0.681.TA and WA showed high accumulation efficiency by high sink activity under various dW/dts that fluctuated according to environmental conditions at the cultivation sites. Conversely, CH, classified as a "grassy rice" phenotype, formed a cell wall during the early grain-filling period.Article信州大学農学部AFC報告 13: 1-11 (2015)departmental bulletin pape

Simplified model of dry matter partitioning in relation to grain yield stability in rice

A new partitioning model was developed for evaluating the dynamics of physiologically degradable materials among rice plant organs. Enzymatic analysis was applied by dividing materials into the following two categories : physiologically degradable, which is regulated by the grain filling rate (dWcp/dt) and grain yield stability (cellular contents, CC), and no degradable structural material comprising the plant cell wall, which cannot be recycled. The CC in dry matter in stover (leaf blade＋leaf sheath＋culm) and panicle samples were determined using a mixture of α-amylase and protease. The field experiments were performed using two commercial varieties of japonica for two years from a paddy field in Japan. The percentage of physiologically degradable matter in dry matter in stover (Wcs%) decreased gradually after transplanting time and decreased quickly after heading, and that of panicle (Wcp%) increased drastically after heading. The dry weight of CC in stover (Wcs) increased gradually up to the heading stage and decreased after heading. In contrast, the dry weight biomass of CC in panicle (Wcp) increased after heading and drastically decreased 10 d after heading. The derivations of Wcs and Wcp were calculated for indicating the apparent removal rate from stover to panicle (dWcs/dt), and the grain filling rate was indicated by the term of the fractions of enzymatic analysis. The upper peak of dWcs/dt and the lower peak of dWcs/dt were observed approximately 20 d before heading and 15 d after heading, respectively. The change in dWcs/dt after heading coincided with the change in dWcp/dt. There was a significant negative relationship between dWcs/dt and dWcp/dt, and the regression coefficient (slope) and intercept were estimated at -1.47 and 8.46, respectively. Results suggested that dWcs/dt was a more important and dominant factor for determining dWcp/dt than photosynthesis-governed crop growth rate after heading.Article信州大学農学部AFC報告 13: 13-22 (2015)departmental bulletin pape

モンゴル ノウギョウ ニ オケル ユウキヒリョウ ト カガクヒリョウ ノ シュウリョウ ヘ ノ コウカ ノ ヒカク

モンゴルにおいて，施肥を行わない粗放的農地の拡大から土壌保全のための技術が求められている。そこでモンゴルの半乾燥地において，2010年から2013年にわたり行った，家畜糞を自給可能な肥料として使用する圃場試験について報告する。最初の圃場試験（Experiment-1）では，モンゴルで伝統的な粗放的農地管理下において，2010年から2012年にわたり，バレイショ，ライ麦，飼料用カブを家畜糞堆肥（ヤギおよび羊の糞）40 Mg ha－1y－1または化学肥料（90 kg ha－1y－1 of N, P2O5, and K2O）を使用して3年間栽培した。次の圃場試験（Experiment-2）では，より集約的に雑草除去を行う条件下で2013年に家畜糞堆肥を2ヶ月熟成したもの（2m-compost）および2年間熟成した堆肥（2y-compost）をそれぞれ20, 40, 60 Mg ha－1施用し，バレイショを栽培した。Experiment-1の結果，3年間の栽培において，土壌中可給態窒素量および収量は，ともに家畜糞堆肥において多く，化学肥料の施与効果は全く認められなかった。化学肥料の効果が認められなかった理由として，生育期間中の降水量の不足及び粗放的管理下における雑草によるストレスが考えられる。しかしながらExperiment-2の結果として，雑草除去を行う条件下では2y-compost施用下において無施肥区に比べ有意な収量増加が認められた。これは2y-compostの熟成期間が長くそれにより窒素含量も高かったことによると見られた。これらの結果から，モンゴルにおいて伝統的な粗放的農地管理下では，化学肥料，有機肥料の使用はともに収量向上に効果的でなく，一方で堆肥施肥は集約的な農地管理下で有効に収量を向上させうることが示された。In Mongolia, the rapid increase of extensive cropping areas without fertilization has created a serious need for land conservation technology. This paper describes the field study we conducted in a semi-arid region of Mongolia from 2010 to 2013 in which we used animal composts as a self-support fertilizer for two field experiments. In the first field experiment (Experiment-1), from 2010 to 2012, potato, rye, pea and turnip crops were cultivated in the compost plot with the application of animal compost (3-month matured dung of sheep and goats) of 40 Mg ha－1y－1, and in the NPK plot with the application of chemical fertilizer (90 kg ha－1y－1 of N, P2O5, and K2O) under traditional extensive land management without weed control. In the second field experiment (Experiment-2) in 2013, the effects of composts with different application amounts and maturing time were studied under weed control. The composts with a 2-year maturing time (2y-compost) and a 2-month maturing time (2m-compost) were applied in amounts of 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha－1 for potato and wheat. From the results of Experiment-1, during three years, we saw that the soil available-N values and crop yields tended to be higher for the compost plot and there was no effect from chemical fertilizer on crop yields. The low efficiency of chemical fertilizer might be due to insufficient precipitation and severe weed stress under extensive land management. However, the use of animal compost had an apparent positive effect in Experiment-2 with controlling the weed effect. We observed significantly higher yields for application of the 2y-compost compared to the control. The long maturing time compost was more effective to increase crop yields due to its higher N content. These results showed that the use of both chemical and organic fertilizer was not effective to increase crop production under the extensive cropping system traditionally used in Mongolia. Also it was shown that the compost application increases crop yield under intensive land management

ホッカイドウ ニ オイテ タイヒ ノ シヨウカ デ 3ネンカン リン カリウム ヲ ムセヒ ト シタ バアイ ノ サクモツシュウリョウ オヨビ ドジョウリカガクセイ ヘノ エイキョウ

北海道網走地域は北日本の最も重要な農業地帯の1つである。長期にわたる施肥によって同地域のほとんどの農耕地土壌には過剰に蓄積した可給態リン,カリウムが認められる。さらに,この地域では3年間に1回,およそ30Mgha^-^1の堆肥の施用によって,リンとカリウムが約450kg P_2O_5ha^-^1,780kg K_2Oha^-^1程度投入されている。この蓄積したリンおよびカリウムを利用し,リンとカリウムの減肥が可能であるかどうか評価するため,圃場試験を行った。テンサイ,バレイショ,コムギおよびオオムギを用いたこの地域内の典型的な輪作体系の中で栽培した。その際施肥条件として,i)慣行NPK施肥,ii)リン半量施肥;iii)無リン施肥;iv)無リン,無カリ施肥をそれぞれ設けた。試験圃場として,黒ボク土圃場2圃場(Urashibetsu A, B),灰色台地土圃場2圃場(Yasaka A, B)の4圃場を使用した。試験開始前(2008年)に堆肥30Mgha^-^1をUrashibetsu AおよびYasaka A圃場に施用した。Urashibetsu BおよびYasaka B圃場については,2007年と2010年に同様に堆肥30Mgha^-^1が施用されており,特にUrashibetsu B圃場には,2010年に緑肥としてエンバクが栽培され,鋤きこまれている。これら圃場において作物の収量,土壌中可給態リン酸,交換性カリウム含量及び形態別リン酸(Al 型P,Fe型P,Ca型P)を測定した。結果として,3年間の試験においてリンおよびカリウム無施肥による収量への影響はほとんど認められなかった。堆肥の施用により,3年間のリン,カリウム無施肥処理においても土壌の可給態リン酸,交換性カリウム含量の減少は認められなかった。堆肥の施用はまた,Urashibetsu AおよびYasaka A圃場においてCa型Pの増加および Fe型Pの減少をもたらした。以上の結果は堆肥の施用が有機体リンの供給源としてのみならず本来不可給態であるFe型Pの可給化によって土壌の可給態リンを増加させたことを示唆した。これらの結果から,リンおよびカリウムの減肥あるいは無施肥は堆肥の施用後に行うことが望ましいと考えられた。The Abashiri area in Hokkaido Prefecture is one of the most important agricultural areas in northern Japan. Due to long-term fertilization, most of the agricultural soil in this area has highly accumulated available P and K. In addition to this, typically about 450kg P_2O_5ha^-^1 and 780kg K_2Oha^-^1 have been applied with 30Mgha^-^1 of animal manure every three years. In order to assess the possibility of decreased P and K fertilization using this accumulated P and K, we evaluated the effects of three years of continuous low or no P and K fertilization on crop productivity by a field experiment. From 2009 to 2011, sugar beet, potato, wheat and barley were cultivated using the major crop rotation system in this area. Four fertilization methods were used: i) Conventional NPK application, ii) Half P fertilization; iii) No P fertilization; and iv) No P and no K fertilization. Two Andosol fields (Urashibetsu A, B) and two Cambisol fields (Yasaka A, B) were used for this study. 30Mgha^-^1 of manure was applied to Urashibetsu A and Yasaka A field before the experiment. For Urashibetsu B and Yasaka B field, the same amount of manure was applied in 2007 and 2010, respectively. Especially in Urashibetsu B field, in 2010, oat was cultivated as green manure and plowed back into the field. The crop yield, soil available P and exchangeable K amounts, soil P fractions (Al bound P, Fe bound P, Ca bound P) were measured. As a result, almost no significant effects of P/K fertilization on crop yield were observed during three years. Due to manure application, soil available P and exchangeable K amount did not decrease because of the three years of no P and no K application. Manure application for Urashibetsu A and Yasaka A fields also increased Ca bound P fraction and decreased Fe bound P fraction. These results suggested that manure application increased soil P availability not only as an organic P source but also as a contributor to Fe bound P utilization. From these results, we considered that decreased or no P/K fertilization method should be started the next year after manure application in Abashiri area

Growth and yield of self-compatible and hybrid common buckwheat lines pollinated with and without flies

Common buckwheat is a self-incompatible, insect-pollinated allogamous plant. This study examined growth and yield of the common buckwheat self-compatible and hybrid lines pollinated with and without flies. Self-compatible ‘IH3’, hybrid ‘IP2/IH3’, and standard self-incompatible ‘Kitawasesoba’ were used in field and pot experiments. Self-compatibility of ‘IH3’ was shown to be of high purity. Approximately 10% segregation of pin plants from ‘IP2/IH3’ was observed. The harvest index of ‘Kitawasesoba’ pollinated without flies was considerably lower than that pollinated with flies in both field and pot experiments. The harvest index values of ‘IH3’ and ‘IP2/IH3’ were hardly affected by the presence or absence of flies. The morphological traits of ‘IH3’ were significantly lower than those of the other two genotypes. Large differences in these traits between ‘IP2/IH3’ and ‘Kitawasesoba’ were not observed in either the field or pot experiments. The seed yield of ‘Kitawasesoba’ pollinated without flies tended to be lower than that pollinated with flies. The seed yield of ‘IP2/IH3’ tended to be higher than that of ‘IH3’. The hybrid line ‘IP2/IH3’ showed a high fertilization rate, which was nearly as high as that of ‘IH3’. Rate of fertilization and percentage of ripe seeds were higher in ‘IH3’ and ‘IP2/IH3’, wherein they were hardly affected by the presence or absence of flies, than in ‘Kitawasesoba’. The ‘IP2/IH3’ hybrid line will be useful for understanding the stable high-yielding ability of self-compatibility common buckwheat

Differential diagnosis of uterine adenosarcoma: identification of JAZF1-BCORL1 rearrangement by comprehensive cancer genomic profiling

Abstract Background Uterine adenosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor that accounts for 8% of all uterine sarcomas, and less than 0.2% of all uterine malignancies. However, it is frequently misdiagnosed in clinical examinations, including pathological diagnosis, and imaging studies owing to its rare and non-specific nature, which is further compounded by the lack of specific diagnostic markers. Case presentation We report a case of uterine adenosarcoma for which a comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) test provided a chance to reach the proper diagnosis. The patient, a woman in her 60s with a history of uterine leiomyoma was diagnosed with an intra-abdominal mass post presentation with abdominal distention and loss of appetite. She was suspected to have gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); the laparotomically excised mass was found to comprise uniform spindle-shaped cells that grew in bundles with a herringbone architecture, and occasional myxomatous stroma. Immunostaining revealed no specific findings, and the tumor was diagnosed as a spindle cell tumor/suspicious adult fibrosarcoma. The tumor relapsed during postoperative follow-up, and showed size reduction with chemotherapy, prior to regrowth. CGP was performed to identify a possible treatment, which resulted in detection of a JAZF1-BCORL1 rearrangement. Since the rearrangement has been reported in uterine sarcomas, we reevaluated specimens of the preceding uterine leiomyoma, which revealed the presence of adenosarcoma components in the corpus uteri. Furthermore, both the uterine adenosarcoma and intra-abdominal mass were partially positive for CD10 and BCOR staining. Conclusion These results led to the conclusive identification of the abdominal tumor as a metastasis of the uterine adenosarcoma. The JAZF1-BCORL1 rearrangement is predominantly associated with uterine stromal sarcomas; thus far, ours is the second report of the same in an adenosarcoma. Adenosarcomas are rare and difficult to diagnose, especially in atypical cases with scarce glandular epithelial components. Identification of rearrangements involving BCOR or BCORL1, will encourage BCOR staining analysis, thereby potentially resulting in better diagnostic outcomes. Given that platinum-based chemotherapy was proposed as the treatment choice for this patient post diagnosis with adenosarcoma, CGP also indirectly contributed to the designing of the best-suited treatment protocol