A Stochastic Integral by a Near-Martingale

In this paper we discuss the new stochastic integral in [1] in terms of the Itô isometry. We prove the Doob-Meyer decomposition theorem for near-submartingales in the classes (D) and (DL): Moreover, we introduce a stochastic integral by a near-martingale as an application of the decomposition theorem

Effects of Recrystallization on Tensile Anisotropic Properties for IN738LC Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

This study demonstrates the effects of recrystallization on tensile properties and the anisotropy of IN738LC, a typical γ’ precipitation-strengthened alloy, at both room and high temperatures via the laser powder bed fusion process. The nonrecrystallized columnar microstructure, subjected to standard IN738LC heat treatment up to 1120◦ C, and the almost fully recrystallized microstructure, heat-treated at 1204◦ C, were compared. The tensile properties strongly depend on whether recrystallization was completed as well as the tensile direction. This can be explained by microstructure characterization, featuring the Taylor factor in the tensile direction, average grain size estimated by ellipse approximation, and the relationship between the grain shape and tensile direction. The shape of the recrystallized grains and the distribution of coarse MC carbides inside the recrystallized grains were determined by the microstructure in an as-built state. In high-temperature tensile tests conducted in the horizontal direction, the separation of the columnar grains caused a brittle fracture. In contrast, dimples were observed at the fracture surface after recrystallization, indicating scope for further improvement in ductility.Hibino S., Fujimitsu K., Azuma M., et al. Effects of Recrystallization on Tensile Anisotropic Properties for IN738LC Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Crystals, 12, 6, 842. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060842

The Acceptance of the Zen Buddhism and the Naidan Theory in the Yin Zhi-Ping Period

This essay examines Zen Buddhism and the art of Nai-dan (内丹) in the Yin Zhi-ping (尹志平) period of Quan-Zhen-Jiao (全真教). The Quan-Zhen-Jiao (全真教), which was founded by Wang-Chong-Yang (王重陽) at the end of the Jin (金) Dynasty, not only used the terminology of the Nai-dan but also used terms borrowed from Zen Buddhism to indoctrinate its followers. Yin Zhi-ping (尹志平) used terms such as "Kong-Ki" (空寂) and "Xu-Wu" (虚無) from Zen Buddhism to teach his disciples to reach a state of mind called "Ping-Chang" (平常). He also used Buddhist sutras such as the Lotus Sutra and the Song of Songs for the Way of Enlightenment to explain this. He stated that only when one reached a state of "Ping-Chang" could one truly practice Nai-dan, whereupon he explained the process of moving from "Ping-Chang" to Nai-dan. Zhang Bo-duan (張伯端)\u27s book, "Wu-Zhen-Pian" (『悟真篇』), emphasized "Min" (命) but used it to supplement their own doctrine, as it was considered inseparable from "Xin" (性). Thus, it can be said that in the period of Yin Zhi-ping, the method of practice became more concrete. There may have been prompted by demand from the believers who wanted a specific method of practice

Wang Dao Yuan’s Neidan Method

This article analyses the neidan (内丹) method of Wang Dao Yuan (王道淵), who was active from the end of the Yuan(元) dynasty to the beginning of the Ming (明) dynasty. An analysis of his writings shows that the neidan (内丹) method he preached was a conventional neidan (内丹) method based on Wu Xing Zhuan Dao (五行転倒), and that the names of Wang Zhong yang (王重陽) and other members of Bei Zong (北宗) are not mentioned at all. In addition, although it is known that Wang Dao Yuan’s ancestor was Li Dao Jun (李道純), he did not receive direct instruction from him, and from the contents of his writings, it seems that he practised neidan (内丹) on his own while familiarising himself with Li Dao Jun’s writings. This must be considered in light of Li Daojun’s influence in the South at the time, and at the same time indicates the possibility that his writings on the art of neidan were published and circulated. It should also be noted that we should be cautious about lumping them together as Taoists of the Quan Zhen sect (全真教)

The image of the Quanzhen sect (全真教) in Yuan Ming Zaju (雑劇)

This article analyses the relationship between the Quanzhen sect (全真教), founded by Wang Chong-yang (王重陽) at the end of the Jin (金) dynasty, and the Zaju (雑劇) that developed in the Yuan (元) dynasty. Among the various subjects used in the Zaju, Taoism is one of the most common themes. Analysing them is an essential part of understanding how Taoism was understood by the folk people. In the play about the hermit who takes the people out of the world, there are references to ordination and codes, and practice is mentioned, but it is clear that it was not understood in relation to Neidan (内丹). It is also likely that people were aware of the genealogies made by the Quanzhen sect, but that some of the hermits were completely unrelated. The costumes worn during the performance also show that some of the hermits were related to the the Quanzhen sect, but they were also worn by hermits who were not related to the the Quanzhen sect. This is an example of the addition of a hermit who was believed in by the people of the time, and it is likely that the people did not make such a clear distinction between Quanzhen sect and other hermits. Thus, the Quanzhen sect was believed in by the people in those days, combined with folk beliefs.陶徳民教授古稀記念

Unique crystallographic texture formation in Inconel 718 by laser powder bed fusion and its effect on mechanical anisotropy

Additive manufacturing offers an exclusive way of anisotropic microstructure control with a high degree of freedom regarding variation in process parameters. This study demonstrates a unique texture formation in Inconel 718 (IN718) using a bidirectional laser scan in a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process for tailoring the mechanical properties. We developed three distinctive textures in IN718 using LPBF: a single-crystal-like microstructure (SCM) with a orientation in the build direction (BD), crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM) with a -oriented main layer and -oriented sub-layer in the BD, and polycrystalline with a weak orientation. The microstructure observations and finite element simulations showed that the texture evolution of the SCM and CLM was dominated by the melt-pool shape and related heat-flow direction. The specimen with CLM exhibited a simultaneous improvement in strength and ductility owing to the stress-transfer coefficient between the -oriented main and -oriented sub-grains, showing superior mechanical properties compared to cast-IN718. This behavior is largely attributed to the presence of the boundary between the main and sub-layers (crystallographic grain boundary) lying parallel to the BD uniquely formed under the LPBF process. Furthermore, the strength–ductility balance of the part with the CLM can be controlled by changing the stress-transfer coefficient and the Schmidt factor through an alteration of the loading axis. Control of the crystallographic texture, including the CLM formation, is beneficial for tailoring and improving the mechanical performance of the structural materials, which can be a promising methodology.Gokcekaya O., Ishimoto T., Hibino S., et al. Unique crystallographic texture formation in Inconel 718 by laser powder bed fusion and its effect on mechanical anisotropy. Acta Materialia, 212, 116876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116876

Control of crystallographic texture and mechanical properties of hastelloy-X via laser powder bed fusion

The influence of various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters on the crystallographic textures and mechanical properties of a typical Ni-based solid-solution strengthened alloy, Hastelloy-X, was examined. Samples were classified into four groups based on the type of crystallographic texture: single crystalline-like microstructure with //build direction (BD) (-SCM), single crystalline-like microstructure with //BD (-SCM), crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM), or polycrystalline microstructure (PCM). These four crystallographic textures were realized in Hastelloy-X for the first time here to the best of our knowledge. The mechanical properties of the samples varied depending on their texture. The tensile properties were affected not only by the Schmid factor but also by the grain size and the presence of lamellar boundaries (grain boundaries). The lamellar boundaries at the interface between the //BD oriented main layers and the //BD-oriented sub-layers of CLM contributed to the resistance to slip transmission and the increased proof stress. It was possible to control a wide range of crystallographic microstructures via the LPBF process parameters, which determines the melt pool morphology and solidification behavior.Hibino S., Todo T., Ishimoto T., et al. Control of crystallographic texture and mechanical properties of hastelloy-X via laser powder bed fusion. Crystals, 11, 9, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091064

Diabetes-Mediated Exacerbation of Neuronal Damage and Inflammation After Cerebral Ischemia in Rat: Protective Effects of Water-Soluble Extract from Culture Medium of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia

"Advances in the Preclinical Study of Ischemic Stroke, Chapter 11", Edited by Maurizio Balestrino, ISBN 978-953-51-0290-8, Published: March 16, 2012. Open Acess

Chronic Treatment with a Water-Soluble Extract from the Culture Medium of Ganoderma lucidum

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been known to increase systemic oxidative stress by chronic hyperglycemia and visceral obesity and aggravate cerebral ischemic injury. On the basis of our previous study regarding a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (designed as MAK), which exerts antioxidative and neuroprotective effects, the present study was conducted to evaluate the preventive effects of MAK on apoptosis and necroptosis (a programmed necrosis) induced by hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice. H/I was induced by a combination of unilateral common carotid artery ligation with hypoxia (8% O2 for 20 min) and subsequent reoxygenation. Pretreatment with MAK (1 g/kg, p.o.) for a week significantly reduced H/I-induced neurological deficits and brain infarction volume assessed at 24 h of reoxygenation. Histochemical analysis showed that MAK significantly suppressed superoxide production, neuronal cell death, and vacuolation in the ischemic penumbra, which was accompanied by a decrease in the numbers of TUNEL- or cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Furthermore, MAK decreased the expression of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 mRNA and protein, a key molecule for necroptosis. These results suggest that MAK confers resistance to apoptotic and necroptotic cell death and relieves H/I-induced cerebral ischemic injury in type 2 diabetic mice