"The Analysis of Formation Process on Korean On Line Game Industry" (in Japanese)

The object of this paper is to analyze formation process of Korean On Line Game (OLG) industry. For the analysis, the paper focused on initial conditions of industry and complementary infrastructures that have enhanced the rapid growth of Korean OLG industry since early 1990s. New type of game called OLG, has the characteristic that a lot of users play a game one another at the same time connecting on the internet with a PC or a console hardware. On this OLG industry, Korea became the most advanced country since late 1990s. Three points were especially analyzed as follows. 1) Initial conditions of industry (underdeveloped console game market, existence of potential users and illegal copy) and complementary infrastructures (PC Bang (room), ADSL and payment system by cellular phones) 2) formation process of leading companies and core engineers in OLG industry 3) main companies which have been searching various OLG game genres. In addition, the paper pointed out three problems appeared in Korean OLG industry now, oligopolistic structure, low profitability and management of product development organization. Finally, the paper shows some implications on the internet contents business.

Tracing the Arguello Submarine Canyon System from Shelf Origins to an Abyssal Sink

The Arguello submarine canyon/channel system extends over 300 km from the continental shelf off Point Arguello and Point Conception in southern California westward onto the oceanic crust of the Pacific plate. In the northernmost reaches where the canyon system originates, all stages in the evolution of seafloor morphologic fluid flow features—from pockmarks to gullies to converging rills—are observed, similar to what has been described for the Ascension slope, north of Monterey Bay. These features appear to be active today and are linked to fluid leakage from the underlying hydrocarbon basin. The channel dissects a continental slope that exhibits features consistent with large-scale mass wasting. Upslope scarps may be the source of the morphological feature at the base of the slope previously referred to as the "Arguello submarine fan," with topographic expressions (e.g., large channel meanders, ridges) that are more consistent with mass transport deposits than with deep-sea fan depositional lobes. The modern canyon crosscuts these deposits and parallels an older, meandering channel/canyon to the west. Modern seismicity along the shelf and slope may have, and potentially still can, trigger landslides on the slope. Seismicity associated with seamount volcanism, past subduction, and Borderland transrotational and extensional processes most likely played a role in stimulating mass wasting. The presence of abundant nearby petroleum suggests that gas venting and hydrate dissociation cannot be ruled out as a triggering mechanism for the slope destabilization occurring today. The canyon/channel continues due south on a path possibly determined by the structural grain of north–south-aligned abyssal hills underlying oceanic basement. At latitude 33deg 18min N, the channel makes a 90deg turn (bend) to the west at the E–W-striking Arguello transform fault wall and develops into a meandering channel system that crosses over abyssal hill crustal fabric. The system ultimately straightens as it continues west before veering north, curving around a thickened crustal bulge at a corner offset in the Arguello fracture zone in complex basement structure, and then finally empties into an 800-m-deep basin depocenter

Diagnosis of infections in newborns using a new particle-mediated immunoassay for serum C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using a new particle-mediated immunoassay. Tests for precision and linearity of this method gave satisfactory results. The minimum sensitivity of the assay was 1 ng/ml. Interference by bilirubin (<220mg/l) and haemoglobin (<20g/l) was not observed. Using this method, CRP was assayed as a means of monitoring for infection in newborns up to 72 h after delivery. The pattern of time course elevation curves was similar for both groups (10 healthy subjects and 26 patients), but the serum CRP (ng/ml) of infected newborns rose significantly higher than in healthy subjects at 24 h after birth. The rate of increase of CRP (∆CRP; ng/ml/h) may be a more useful parameter to detect infection, since a significant change in ∆CRP was apparent only 12 h after birth. The reported method was reliable and the parameters obtained were considered clinically useful for early detection of infection

Tracing the Arguello Submarine Canyon System from Shelf Origins to an Abyssal Sink

The Arguello submarine canyon/channel system extends over 300 km from the continental shelf off Point Arguello and Point Conception in southern California westward onto the oceanic crust of the Pacific plate. In the northernmost reaches where the canyon system originates, all stages in the evolution of seafloor morphologic fluid flow features—from pockmarks to gullies to converging rills—are observed, similar to what has been described for the Ascension slope, north of Monterey Bay. These features appear to be active today and are linked to fluid leakage from the underlying hydrocarbon basin. The channel dissects a continental slope that exhibits features consistent with large-scale mass wasting. Upslope scarps may be the source of the morphological feature at the base of the slope previously referred to as the "Arguello submarine fan," with topographic expressions (e.g., large channel meanders, ridges) that are more consistent with mass transport deposits than with deep-sea fan depositional lobes. The modern canyon crosscuts these deposits and parallels an older, meandering channel/canyon to the west. Modern seismicity along the shelf and slope may have, and potentially still can, trigger landslides on the slope. Seismicity associated with seamount volcanism, past subduction, and Borderland transrotational and extensional processes most likely played a role in stimulating mass wasting. The presence of abundant nearby petroleum suggests that gas venting and hydrate dissociation cannot be ruled out as a triggering mechanism for the slope destabilization occurring today. The canyon/channel continues due south on a path possibly determined by the structural grain of north–south-aligned abyssal hills underlying oceanic basement. At latitude 33deg 18min N, the channel makes a 90deg turn (bend) to the west at the E–W-striking Arguello transform fault wall and develops into a meandering channel system that crosses over abyssal hill crustal fabric. The system ultimately straightens as it continues west before veering north, curving around a thickened crustal bulge at a corner offset in the Arguello fracture zone in complex basement structure, and then finally empties into an 800-m-deep basin depocenter

Measuring line tension: Thermodynamic integration during detachment of a molecular dynamics droplet

Data Availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Supplementary Material: The supplementary material contains how to evaluate the average Ac of the droplet area A for various η values and its uncertainty δAc used in Eq. (28). It is available online at: https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article/160/22/224502/3297315/Measuring-line-tension-Thermodynamic-integration#89149592 and at: https://ndownloader.figstatic.com/files/46499926 .The contact line (CL) is where solid, liquid, and vapor phases meet, and Young’s equation describes the macroscopic force balance of the interfacial tensions between these three phases. These interfacial tensions are related to the nanoscale stress inhomogeneity appearing around the interface, and for curved CLs, e.g., a three-dimensional droplet, another force known as the line tension must be included in Young’s equation. The line tension has units of force, acting parallel to the CL, and is required to incorporate the extra stress inhomogeneity around the CL into the force balance. Considering this feature, Bey et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 152, 094707 (2020)] reported a mechanical approach to extract the value of line tension τℓ from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this study, we show a novel thermodynamics interpretation of the line tension as the free energy per CL length, and based on this interpretation, through MD simulations of a quasi-static detachment process of a quasi-two-dimensional droplet from a solid surface, we obtained the value τℓ as a function of the contact angle. The simulation scheme is considered to be an extension of a thermodynamic integration method, previously used to calculate the solid–liquid and solid–vapor interfacial tensions through a detachment process, extended here to the three-phase system. The obtained value agreed well with the result by Bey et al. and showed the validity of thermodynamic integration at the three-phase interface.T.O., H.O., H.K., and Y.Y. were supported by JSPS KAKENHI under Grant Nos. JP23H01346, JP21J20580, JP23KJ0090, and JP22H01400, Japan, respectively. Y.Y. was also supported by JST CREST under Grant No. JPMJCR18I1, Japan

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase (SCOT): development of an antibody to human SCOT and diagnostic use in hereditary SCOT deficiency

AbstractSuccinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) is a key enzyme for ketone body utilization. Hereditary SCOT deficiency in humans (McKusick catalogue number 245050) is characterized by intermittent ketoacidotic attacks and permanent hyperketonemia. Since previously-available antibody to rat SCOT did not crossreact with human SCOT, we developed an antibody against recombinant human SCOT expressed in a bacterial system. The recombinant SCOT was insoluble except under denaturing conditions. Antibody raised to this polypeptide recognized denatured SCOT and proved useful for immunoblot analysis. On immunoblots, SCOT was easily detectable in control fibroblasts and lymphocytes but was detected neither in fibroblast extracts from four SCOT-deficient patients, nor in lymphocytes from two SCOT-deficient patients. These data indicate that immunoblot analysis is useful for diagnosis of SCOT deficiency in combination with enzyme assay

Observation of isotropic giant magnetoresistance in paramagnetic Au80 Fe20

Magnetization and magnetoresistance were measured at room temperature and above on Au80Fe20 platelets and ribbons obtained by solid-state quenching and melt spinning. The as-quenched samples contain a solid solution of Fe in Au and exhibit a paramagnetic (Curie-Weiss) behavior in the considered temperature range; magnetic data indicate very short-ranged magnetic correlation among adjacent spins, enhanced by local composition fluctuations. The solid solution is very stable. Only a very limited fraction (never exceeding 1%) of nanometer-sized, bcc Fe particles appears after long-time isothermal anneals at suitable temperatures. A negative magnetoresistance was observed at room temperature in all examined samples. The observed effect is anhysteretic, isotropic, and quadratically dependent on magnetic field H and magnetization M. The signal scales with M rather than with H, indicating that it depends on the field-induced magnetic order of the Fe moments, as it does for conventional giant magnetoresistance in granular magnetic systems. This effect derives from spin-dependent scattering of conduction electrons from single Fe spins or very small Fe clusters. The scattering centers are almost uncorrelated at a distance of the order of the electronic mean free path (of the order of 1.5 nm, or a few atomic spacings, at RT

Identification of Novel SNPs in Glioblastoma Using Targeted Resequencing

High-throughput sequencing opens avenues to find genetic variations that may be indicative of an increased risk for certain diseases. Linking these genomic data to other “omics” approaches bears the potential to deepen our understanding of pathogenic processes at the molecular level. To detect novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we used a combination of specific target selection and next generation sequencing (NGS). We generated a microarray covering the exonic regions of 132 GBM associated genes to enrich target sequences in two GBM tissues and corresponding leukocytes of the patients. Enriched target genes were sequenced with Illumina and the resulting reads were mapped to the human genome. With this approach we identified over 6000 SNPs, including over 1300 SNPs located in the targeted genes. Integrating the genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalog and known disease associated SNPs, we found that several of the detected SNPs were previously associated with smoking behavior, body mass index, breast cancer and high-grade glioma. Particularly, the breast cancer associated allele of rs660118 SNP in the gene SART1 showed a near doubled frequency in glioblastoma patients, as verified in an independent control cohort by Sanger sequencing. In addition, we identified SNPs in 20 of 21 GBM associated antigens providing further evidence that genetic variations are significantly associated with the immunogenicity of antigens

Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is the most common cause of non-traumatic neurological impairment in young adults. An energy deficient state has been implicated in the degeneration of axons, the pathological correlate of disease progression, in multiple sclerosis. Mitochondria are the most efficient producers of energy and play an important role in calcium homeostasis. We analysed the density and function of mitochondria using immunohistochemistry and histochemistry, respectively, in chronic active and inactive lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis. As shown before in acute pattern III and Balo’s lesions, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity is reduced despite the presence of mitochondria in demyelinated axons with amyloid precursor protein accumulation, which are predominantly located at the active edge of chronic active lesions. Furthermore, the strong non-phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI32) reactivity was associated with a significant reduction in complex IV activity and mitochondria within demyelinated axons. The complex IV defect associated with axonal injury may be mediated by soluble products of innate immunity, as suggested by an inverse correlation between complex IV activity and macrophage/microglial density in chronic lesions. However, in inactive areas of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity and mitochondrial mass, judged by porin immunoreactivity, are increased within approximately half of large (>2.5 μm diameter) chronically demyelinated axons compared with large myelinated axons in the brain and spinal cord. The axon-specific mitochondrial docking protein (syntaphilin) and phosphorylated neurofilament-H were increased in chronic lesions. The lack of complex IV activity in a proportion of Na+/K+ ATPase α-1 positive demyelinated axons supports axonal dysfunction as a contributor to neurological impairment and disease progression. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that inhibition of complex IV augments glutamate-mediated axonal injury (amyloid precursor protein and SMI32 reactivity). Our findings have important implications for both axonal degeneration and dysfunction during the progressive stage of multiple sclerosis

Effect of heating rate on the crack formation during baking in carbon anodes used in aluminum industry

The quality of carbon anodes used in aluminum industry depends on the raw material properties and the manufacturing process parameters. It is one of the key factors directly related to the aluminum production cost. The degradation in anode quality such as crack formation increases the energy consumption, the environmental emissions, and the smelter’s overall operating cost. The objective of this work is to investigate the formation of cracks in several industrial green anode samples during baking at different heating rates and to determine the influence of this baking parameter on the crack formation. The samples were characterized before and after baking by measuring a number of physical properties (electrical resistivity, density, etc.) which define the final quality of the anode samples. Also, techniques based on ultra-sound and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the extent of cracking after baking