Long Term Versus Temporary Certified Emission Reductions in Forest Carbon-Sequestration Programs

Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, forest projects can receive returns for carbon sequestration via two credit instruments: temporary (tCERs) or long-term certified emission reductions (lCERs). This article develops a theoretical model of optimal harvesting strategies that compares private optimal harvest decision under these two instruments. We find that risk neutral landowners are likely to prefer instituting lCERs over tCERs to maximize surplus. A particular type of early harvest penalty implemented under the lCERs is critical in determining the length of rotation intervals and the carbon credit supply. When this penalty is an increasing function of the difference in biomass before and after harvesting across verification periods, the landowner may choose longer or shorter rotation intervals compared to the Faustmann rotation. The resulting supply curve may have a backward bending region over a range of carbon prices.forest rotation, long term certified emission reductions (lCERs), carbon sequestration

Long Term Versus Temporary Certified Emission Reductions in Forest Carbon-Sequestration Programs

Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, forest projects can receive returns for carbon sequestration via two credit instruments: temporary (tCERs) or long-term certified emission reductions (lCERs). This article develops a theoretical model of optimal harvesting strategies that compares private optimal harvest decision under these two instruments. We find that risk neutral landowners are likely to prefer instituting lCERs over tCERs to maximize surplus. A particular type of early harvest penalty implemented under the lCERs is critical in determining the length of rotation intervals and the carbon credit supply. When this penalty is an increasing function of the difference in biomass before and after harvesting across verification periods, the landowner may choose longer or shorter rotation intervals compared to the Faustmann rotation. The resulting supply curve may have a backward bending region over a range of carbon prices.forest rotation, long term certified emission reductions (lCERs), carbon sequestration, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q2, Q54, Q23,

Evaluation of factors affecting variations in influenza A/H1N1 history in university students, Japan

Although the natural history of H1N1 has been found to vary among patients, little is known about the factors that affect these variations. Infected patients with an extended infection history may shed virus longer and spread infection. To further clarify these variations, we evaluated the natural history of H1N1 infection in 324 university students using a descriptive epidemiological method and analyzed factors affecting the natural history of infection. The median times from infection to fever development and from fever development to cure were 2 days (range 0?8 days) and 5 days (range 1?12 days), respectively, and the median time not attending classes was 5 days (range, 1?13 days). Variations in H1N1 natural history were associated with both environmental and individual factors, including route of infection, grade, gender, epidemic period, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and headache. Steps affecting these factors may help control variations in H1N1 natural history and may enhance infection control measures.ArticleJOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY. 19(4):665-672 (2013)journal articl

Evaluation of the spread of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 among Japanese university students

online first / Published online: 4 July 2014The pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus is commonly known to affect younger individuals. Several epidemiological studies have clarified the epidemic features of university students in Japan. In this study, we reviewed these studies in Japan in comparison with reports from other countries. The average cumulative incidence rate among university students was 9.6 %, with the major symptoms being cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. These epidemiological features were similar between Japan and other countries. Attitudes and behaviors toward pandemic influenza control measures were different before and improved during and after the epidemic. These features were also similar to those in other countries. On the other hand, the epidemic spread through club activities or social events, and transmission was attenuated after temporary closure of such groups in Japan. This transmission pattern was inconsistent among countries, which may have been due to differences in lifestyle and cultural habits. Based on these results, infection control measures of pandemic influenza for university organizations in Japan should be considered.ArticleEnvironmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 19(5):315-321 (2014)journal articl

How the H1N1 influenza epidemic spread among university students in Japan: Experience from Shinshu University

Background: A worldwide outbreak of influenza A/H1N1 occurred in 2009. Little information is available regarding how the epidemic spread among young people, who composed the majority of individuals infected with this virus. We assessed the route of transmission of H1N1 among university students at Shinshu University, Japan. Methods: A total of 11,424 students were monitored between August 2009 and March 2010, and those who were diagnosed with confirmed, probable, or suspected H1N1 at a hospital or clinic were registered based on self-report to the university. Data including date of onset and suspected infection route were collected from the affected patients. Results: Of the 11,424 students, 1,016 (8.9%) were infected with H1N1. In most infected students, the suspected transmission route was associated with club activity, followed by close contact with friends and through lectures or laboratory work. After suspension of activity by clubs with more than 2 infected members, the number of infected individuals decreased. Conclusion: H1N1 influenza spread in the university through specific routes, including club activity, close contact with friends, and lectures or laboratory work. During future outbreaks of influenza, interventions to reduce transmission through these routes may be effective infection control strategies in university students.ArticleAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL. 40(3):218-220 (2012)journal articl

Capacity to Adapt to Temperature Effects on Crop Yields: Evidence from Rice Production in Japan

2021.11/2022.03改