個人のスイング特性に応じたゴルフシャフトの最適設計

学位の種別: 論文博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 鈴木 克幸, 東京大学教授 栗山 幸久, 東京大学准教授 白山 晋, 東京大学准教授 山田 知典, 東京大学准教授 福崎 千穂University of Tokyo(東京大学

Drastic shift in flowering phenology of F₁ hybrids causing rapid reproductive isolation in Imperata cylindrica in Japan

1. Hybridization is a major source of phenotypic variation and a driving force for evolution. Although novel hybrid traits can often disrupt adaptive relationships between the parental phenotypes and their environments, how new hybrid traits disrupt local adaptation remains unclear. Here, we report how a new phenotype of hybrids between two Imperata cylindrica ecotypes contributes to rapid reproductive isolation from their parents and affects hybrid fitness. 2. We analysed 350 accessions of I. cylindrica collected from the 1980s to the 2010s throughout Japan to explore the genetic population structure of the hybrids. We surveyed the flowering periods, seed set, and germination of two ecotypes and their hybrids in both natural habitats and common gardens. 3. Genetic analyses of population structure revealed that the hybrid populations consisted of only F1 individuals, without advanced generation hybrids. The flowering phenology of the F1 plants was delayed until autumn, 5–6 months later than the parental ecotypes. The drastic shift in flowering phenology prevents F1s from backcrossing. In addition, it changes their seed dispersal time to winter. Germination is inhibited by low temperatures, and the seeds likely decay before the next spring, resulting in the absence of an F2 generation. We identified the environmental mismatch of the F1 population as a specific mechanism for the maintenance of an only F1 population. 4. Synthesis. We have demonstrated that this flowering phenology mismatch promotes reproductive isolation between the parents and F1s and affects various temporal components of the hybrids, resulting in a unique hybrid population consisting only of F1s. This system sheds light on the importance of hybrid traits in driving rapid reproductive isolation

Quantum gapped state in a spin-1/2 distorted honeycomb-based lattice with frustration

We successfully synthesized ($p$-Py-V)[Cu(hfac)$_2$], a verdazyl-based complex. Molecular orbital calculations revealed five types of intermolecular interactions between the radical spins and two types of intramolecular interactions between the radical and the Cu spins, resulting in a spin-1/2 distorted honeycomb-based lattice. Additionally, competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions induce frustration. The magnetization curve displayed a multistage increase, including a zero-field energy gap. Considering the stronger AF interactions that form dimers and tetramers, the magnetic susceptibility and magnetization curves were qualitatively explained. These findings demonstrated that the quantum state, based on the dominant AF interactions, was stabilized due to the effects of frustration in the lattice. Hence, the exchange interactions forming two-dimensional couplings decoupled, reducing energy loss caused by frustration and leading to frustration-induced dimensional reduction.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Quantum reservoir computing with repeated measurements on superconducting devices

Reservoir computing is a machine learning framework that uses artificial or physical dissipative dynamics to predict time-series data using nonlinearity and memory properties of dynamical systems. Quantum systems are considered as promising reservoirs, but the conventional quantum reservoir computing (QRC) models have problems in the execution time. In this paper, we develop a quantum reservoir (QR) system that exploits repeated measurement to generate a time-series, which can effectively reduce the execution time. We experimentally implement the proposed QRC on the IBM's quantum superconducting device and show that it achieves higher accuracy as well as shorter execution time than the conventional QRC method. Furthermore, we study the temporal information processing capacity to quantify the computational capability of the proposed QRC; in particular, we use this quantity to identify the measurement strength that best tradeoffs the amount of available information and the strength of dissipation. An experimental demonstration with soft robot is also provided, where the repeated measurement over 1000 timesteps was effectively applied. Finally, a preliminary result with 120 qubits device is discussed

Field-induced quantum phase in a frustrated zigzag-square lattice

This study presents the experimental realization of a spin-1/2 zigzag-square lattice in a verdazyl-based complex, namely ($m$-Py-V-2,6-F$_2$)$[$Cu(hfac)$_2]$. Molecular orbital calculations suggest the presence of five types of frustrated exchange couplings. Our observations reveal an incremental increase in the magnetization curve beyond a critical field, signifying a phase transition from the antiferromagnetic ordered state to a quantum state characterized by a 1/2 plateau. This intriguing behavior arises from the effective stabilization of a zigzag chain by the external fields. These results provide evidence for field-induced dimensional reduction in a zigzag-square lattice attributed to the effects of frustration.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Differentiation of Brain Metastases and Gliomas Based on Color Map of Phase Difference Enhanced Imaging

Background and objective: Phase difference enhanced imaging (PADRE), a new phase-related MRI technique, can enhance both paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances, and select which phases to be enhanced. Utilizing these characteristics, we developed color map of PADRE (Color PADRE), which enables simultaneous visualization of myelin-rich structures and veins. Our aim was to determine whether Color PADRE is sufficient to delineate the characteristics of non-gadolinium-enhancing T2-hyperintense regions related with metastatic tumors (MTs), diffuse astrocytomas (DAs) and glioblastomas (GBs), and whether it can contribute to the differentiation of MTs from GBs.Methods: Color PADRE images of 11 patients with MTs, nine with DAs and 17 with GBs were created by combining tissue-enhanced, vessel-enhanced and magnitude images of PADRE, and then retrospectively reviewed. First, predominant visibility of superficial white matter and deep medullary veins within non-gadolinium-enhancing T2-hyperintense regions were compared among the three groups. Then, the discriminatory power to differentiate MTs from GBs was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis.Results: The degree of visibility of superficial white matter was significantly better in MTs than in GBs (p = 0.017), better in GBs than in DAs (p = 0.014), and better in MTs than in DAs (p = 0.0021). On the contrary, the difference in the visibility of deep medullary veins was not significant (p = 0.065). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to discriminate MTs from GBs was 0.76 with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 64%.Conclusion: Visibility of superficial white matter on Color PADRE reflects inferred differences in the proportion of vasogenic edema and tumoral infiltration within non-gadolinium-enhancing T2-hyperintense regions of MTs, DAs and GBs. Evaluation of peritumoral areas on Color PADRE can help to distinguish MTs from GBs

Serotonin Augments Gut Pacemaker Activity via 5-HT3 Receptors

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) affects numerous functions in the gut, such as secretion, muscle contraction, and enteric nervous activity, and therefore to clarify details of 5-HT's actions leads to good therapeutic strategies for gut functional disorders. The role of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), as pacemaker cells, has been recognised relatively recently. We thus investigated 5-HT actions on ICC pacemaker activity. Muscle preparations with myenteric plexus were isolated from the murine ileum. Spatio-temporal measurements of intracellular Ca2+ and electric activities in ICC were performed by employing fluorescent Ca2+ imaging and microelectrode array (MEA) systems, respectively. Dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca2+ antagonists and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were applied to suppress smooth muscle and nerve activities, respectively. 5-HT significantly enhanced spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations that are considered to underlie electric pacemaker activity in ICC. LY-278584, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist suppressed spontaneous Ca2+ activity in ICC, while 2-methylserotonin (2-Me-5-HT), a 5-HT3 receptor agonist, restored it. GR113808, a selective antagonist for 5-HT4, and O-methyl-5-HT (O-Me-5-HT), a non-selective 5-HT receptor agonist lacking affinity for 5-HT3 receptors, had little effect on ICC Ca2+ activity. In MEA measurements of ICC electric activity, 5-HT and 2-Me-5-HT caused excitatory effects. RT-PCR and immunostaining confirmed expression of 5-HT3 receptors in ICC. The results indicate that 5-HT augments ICC pacemaker activity via 5-HT3 receptors. ICC appear to be a promising target for treatment of functional motility disorders of the gut, for example, irritable bowel syndrome

The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP survey: Overview and survey design

Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is a wide-field imaging camera on the prime focus of the 8.2-m Subaru telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. A team of scientists from Japan, Taiwan, and Princeton University is using HSC to carry out a 300-night multi-band imaging survey of the high-latitude sky. The survey includes three layers: the Wide layer will cover 1400 deg2 in five broad bands (grizy), with a 5 σ point-source depth of r ≈ 26. The Deep layer covers a total of 26 deg2 in four fields, going roughly a magnitude fainter, while the UltraDeep layer goes almost a magnitude fainter still in two pointings of HSC (a total of 3.5 deg2). Here we describe the instrument, the science goals of the survey, and the survey strategy and data processing. This paper serves as an introduction to a special issue of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, which includes a large number of technical and scientific papers describing results from the early phases of this survey

Observation of positive and negative magneto-LC effects in all-organic nitroxide radical liquid crystals by EPR spectroscopy

The generation of spin glass-like inhomogeneous magnetic interactions (the average spin–spin interaction constant: [J with combining macron] > 0 or [J with combining macron] 0) under weak magnetic fields. The sign and magnitude of [J with combining macron] depended on the type of LC phase or superstructure; stronger positive interactions ([J with combining macron] > 0) operated in the chiral smectic A (SmA*) phase of (2S, 5S)-2b (89% ee) than in the chiral nematic (N*) phase of (2S, 5S)-2a (96% ee), whereas weak negative interactions ([J with combining macron] < 0) were observed in the achiral nematic (N) phase of (±)-2a. The origin of the positive magneto-LC effects operating in the SmA* and N* phases was interpreted in terms of the generation of ferromagnetic head-to-tail spin–spin dipole interactions, whereas antiferromagnetic interactions arising from the formation of the RS magnetic dipolar interaction were responsible for the negative magneto-LC effects in the N phase