"A Theory of Money with Market Places"

This paper considers an infinitely repeated economy in which divisible fiat money is used to trade goods. The economy has many market places. In each period, each agent chooses a market place, randomly meets someone who comes to the same market place, and they trade their goods when both agree to do so. There exist various classes of stationary equilibria. In some equilibria, all the agents visit the same market place, while in others, market places are specialized, i.e., only one type of good is traded in each active market place. In some equilibria, each good is traded at a single price, while in others, every good is traded at two different prices. Each class itself consists of equilibria with infinitely many price and welfare levels. However, it is shown that only efficient single price equilibria with specialized market places are evolutionarily stable. An inefficient equilibrium is upset by the mutants who visit a new market place to establish a more efficient trading pattern than before. An extension to the case with multiple currencies is also examined.

Application of Hectorite-Coated Silica Gel Particles as a Packing Material for Chromatographic Resolution

A new type of clay column particles was prepared, in which a hectorite layer (similar to 0.1 mu m thickness) covered uniformly the surface of amorphous silica particles with an average radius of 5 mu m (ref. Okada et al., The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 21864-21869 (2012)). The hectorite layer was fully ion-exchanged with Delta-[Ru(phen)(3)](2+) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) ions by being immersed in a methanol solution of Delta-[Ru(phen)(3)](ClO4)(2) (1 mM). The modified silica gel particles thus prepared were packed into a stainless steel tube (4 mm (i.d.) x 25 cm) as a high-performance liquid chromatography column. Optical resolution was achieved when the racemic mixtures of several metal complexes or organic molecules were eluted with methanol. In the case of tris(acetylacetonato) ruthenium(III) ([Ru(acac)(3)]), for example, the Lambda- and Delta-enantiomers gave an elution volume of 2.6 and 3.0 mL, respectively, with the separation factor of 1.2. The total elution volume (5 mL) was nearly one-tenth for the previously reported column of the same size (RU-1 (Shiseido Co., Ltd.)) packed with the spray-dried particles of synthetic hectorite (average radius 5 mu m) ion-exchanged by the same Ru(II) complexes.ArticleJOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE. 54(7): 1238-1243 (2016)journal articl

Fluorescence Visualization of Carbon Nanotubes Using Quenching Effect for Nanomanipulation

Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, January 16 - 19, 2007, Bangkok, Thailan

Characterization of double potentials in a functionally determined reentrant circuit Multiplexing studies during interruption of atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model

AbstractObjectives. We tested the hypothesis that double potentials recorded during atrial flutter in a functionally determined reentrant circuit reflect activation of the reentrant wave front around an area of functional conduction block.Background. The center of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit in the sterile pericarditis canine model is characterized by double potentials.Methods. We studied 11 episodes of atrial flutter in eight dogs during interruption of atrial flutter while pacing the atria. A multielectrode mapping system was used to record simultaneously from 190 electrodes on the right atrium (location of reentry).Results. Interruption of atrial flutter occurred when the orthodromic wave front from the pacing impulse blocked in an area of slow conduction in the reentrant circuit. The response of the double potential with interruption of atrial flutter depended on the location of the recording site relative to this area of block. Two types of response were seen. When the double potential was recorded orthodromically distal to this area of block, interruption of atrial flutter was associated with disappearance of the second deflection, and continued pacing after interruption of atrial flutter was not associated with reappearance of the second potential. When the double potential was recorded at a site orthodromically proximal to the area of block, interruption of atrial flutter was not associated with disappearance of the second potential, and when rapid atrial pacing was continued, the double potential remained despite disappearance of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit.Conclusions. Double potentials represent functional conduction block in the center of the reentrant circuit, with each deflection of the double potential reflecting activation on either side of the area of functional block. The data also demonstrate that double potentials are not limited to a reentrant circuit, as they were recorded on either side of an area of block in the absence of such a circuit

Response to "Comment on `Quantum-confinement effects on the optical and dielectric properties for mesocrystals of BaTiO3 and SrBi2Ta2O9\u27"

In this reply, the authors show that the argument by Scott regarding the band gap of bulk SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) is not based on concrete evidence. The authors will also show additional data from a Raman study of a powdered SBT sample to prove that the surface of the specimen was not covered by Bi2O3

Response to "Comment on `Quantum-confinement effects on the optical and dielectric properties for mesocrystals of BaTiO3 and SrBi2Ta2O9

In this reply, the authors show that the argument by Scott regarding the band gap of bulk SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) is not based on concrete evidence. The authors will also show additional data from a Raman study of a powdered SBT sample to prove that the surface of the specimen was not covered by Bi2O3

Conduction Velocity around the Tricuspid Valve Annulus during Typical Atrial Flutter by Electro-anatomic Mapping System

Objective: Conduction velocity around the tricuspid valve annulus (TA. during typical atrial flutter (AFL. has been shown to be slowest in the inferior vena cava-tricuspid valve (IVC-TV. isthmus when compared to the septal or free wall segments of the TA. We investigated the conduction velocity in IVC-TV isthmus, dividing into three areas. Methods: We evaluated conduction velocity around the TA during typical AFL in 10 patients, using an electro-anatomic mapping system (CARTO™). Conduction velocity was calculated at six areas around the TA including the septal wall, upper wall, lateral wall, and isthmus wall, which was further divided into three areas, lateral isthmus, mid isthmus, and septal isthmus. Results: Conduction velocity around the TA during typical AFL was slowest in the IVC-TV isthmus. Further, conduction velocities (m/sec. in the mid isthmus (0.44±0.17. and septal isthmus (0.45±0.22. were significantly slower (p < 0.05. than that in the upper wall (0.67±0.26). Conclusions: The relatively slower conduction in IVC-TV isthmus resulted from the relatively slower conduction in the area from mid to septal isthmus

Increased expression of kisspeptin and GnRH forms in the brain of scombroid fish during final ovarian maturation and ovulation

BACKGROUND: Kisspeptins (Kiss) are prime players in the control of reproductive function through their regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression in the brain. The experimental scombroid fish, chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) expresses two kiss (kiss1 and kiss2) and three gnrh (gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3) forms in the brain. In the present study, we analyzed expression changes of kiss and gnrh mRNAs in the brain and corresponding GnRH peptides in the brain and pituitary during final ovarian maturation (FOM) and ovulation. METHODS: Female fish possessing late vitellogenic oocytes were injected with GnRH analogue to induce FOM and ovulation. Fish were observed for daily spawning activities and sampled one week post-injection at germinal vesicle migration (GVM), oocyte hydration, ovulation, and post-ovulatory time periods. Changes in relative mRNA levels of kiss and gnrh forms in the brain were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Changes in GnRH peptides in the brain and pituitary were analyzed using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. RESULTS: Both kiss1 and kiss2 mRNA levels in the brain were low at late vitellogenic stage and increased significantly during the GVM period. However, kiss1 mRNA levels decreased during oocyte hydration before increasing again at ovulatory and post-ovulatory periods. In contrast, kiss2 mRNA levels decreased at ovulatory and post-ovulatory periods. Levels of gnrh1 mRNA in the brain increased only during post-ovulatory period. However, levels of gnrh2 and gnrh3 mRNAs were elevated during GVM and then, decreased during oocyte hydration before increasing again at ovulatory period. During post-ovulatory period, both gnrh2 and gnrh3 mRNA levels declined. Peptide levels of all three GnRH forms in the brain were elevated during GVM and oocyte hydration; their levels were significantly lower during late vitellogenic, ovulatory, and post-ovulatory periods. In contrast, pituitary GnRH peptide levels did not show any significant fluctuations, with the GnRH1 peptide levels being many-fold higher than the GnRH2 and GnRH3 forms. CONCLUSION: The results indicate increased expression of multiple Kiss and GnRH forms in the brain and suggest their possible involvement in the regulation of FOM and ovulation in captive female chub mackerel