Analytic study of the three-urn model for separation of sand

We present an analytic study of the three-urn model for separation of sand. We solve analytically the master equation and the first-passage problem. We find that the stationary probability distribution obeys the detailed balance and is governed by the {\it free energy}. We find that the characteristic lifetime of a cluster diverges algebraically with exponent 1/3 at the limit of stability.Comment: 5pages, 4 figures include

Chaotic exploration and learning of locomotion behaviours

We present a general and fully dynamic neural system, which exploits intrinsic chaotic dynamics, for the real-time goal-directed exploration and learning of the possible locomotion patterns of an articulated robot of an arbitrary morphology in an unknown environment. The controller is modeled as a network of neural oscillators that are initially coupled only through physical embodiment, and goal-directed exploration of coordinated motor patterns is achieved by chaotic search using adaptive bifurcation. The phase space of the indirectly coupled neural-body-environment system contains multiple transient or permanent self-organized dynamics, each of which is a candidate for a locomotion behavior. The adaptive bifurcation enables the system orbit to wander through various phase-coordinated states, using its intrinsic chaotic dynamics as a driving force, and stabilizes on to one of the states matching the given goal criteria. In order to improve the sustainability of useful transient patterns, sensory homeostasis has been introduced, which results in an increased diversity of motor outputs, thus achieving multiscale exploration. A rhythmic pattern discovered by this process is memorized and sustained by changing the wiring between initially disconnected oscillators using an adaptive synchronization method. Our results show that the novel neurorobotic system is able to create and learn multiple locomotion behaviors for a wide range of body configurations and physical environments and can readapt in realtime after sustaining damage

Phenomenological Impacts of the CP-odd Rephase-Invariant Phase of the Chargino Mass Matrix in the Production of Light Chargino-Pair in e+e−e^+e^- Collisions

One CP--odd rephase-invariant phase appears in the chargino mass matrix in the minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We investigate in detail the phenomenological impacts of the CP-odd complex phase in the production of light charginos in $e^+e^-$ annihilation. The values of the chargino masses and the mixing angles, determining the size of the wino and higgsino components in the chargino wave functions, are so sensitive to the CP-odd phase that the constraints on the supersymmetric parameters based on the conventional assumptions for the parameters are recommended to be re-evaluated including the CP-odd phase.Comment: 9 pages, latex with 3 eps figur

Anisotropic Dirac fermions in a Bi square net of SrMnBi2

We report the highly anisotropic Dirac fermions in a Bi square net of SrMnBi2, based on a first principle calculation, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and quantum oscillations for high-quality single crystals. We found that the Dirac dispersion is generally induced in the (SrBi)+ layer containing a double-sized Bi square net. In contrast to the commonly observed isotropic Dirac cone, the Dirac cone in SrMnBi2 is highly anisotropic with a large momentum-dependent disparity of Fermi velocities of ~ 8. These findings demonstrate that a Bi square net, a common building block of various layered pnictides, provide a new platform that hosts highly anisotropic Dirac fermions.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Superconductivity of metastable dihydrides at ambient pressure

Hydrogen in metals is a significant research area with far-reaching implications, encompassing diverse fields such as hydrogen storage, metal-insulator transitions, and the recently emerging phenomenon of room-temperature (\textit{T_C}) superconductivity under high pressure. Hydrogen atoms pose challenges in experiments as they are nearly invisible, and they are considered within ideal crystalline structures in theoretical predictions, which hampers research on the formation of meta-stable hydrides. Here, we propose pressure-induced hydrogen migration from tetrahedral site ($\textit{T}$) to octahedral site ($\textit{O}$),forming $LaH_x^OH_{2-x}^{T}$ in cubic $LaH^2$.Under decompression, it retains $H_x^O$ occupancy, and is dynamically stable even at ambient pressure, enabling a synthesis route of metastable dihydrides via compression-decompression process. We predict that the electron phonon coupling strength of $LaH_x^OH_{2-x}^{T}$ is enhanced with increasing $\textit{x}$, and the associated \textit{T_C} reaches up to 10.8 $\textit{K}$ at ambient pressure. Furthermore, we calculated stoichiometric hydrogen migration threshold pressure (\textit{P_C}) for various lanthanides dihydrides ($\textit{R}$$H_2$, where $\textit{R}$=Y, Sc, Nd, and Lu), and found an inversely linear relation between \textit{P_C} and ionic radii of $\textit{R}$. We propose that the highest \textit{T_C} in the face-centered-cubic dihydride system can be realized by optimizing the $\textit{O}$/$\textit{T}$-site occupancies

Disturbance Observer

Disturbance observer is an inner-loop output-feedback controller whose role is to reject external disturbances and to make the outer-loop baseline controller robust against plant's uncertainties. Therefore, the closed-loop system with the DOB approximates the nominal closed-loop by the baseline controller and the nominal plant model with no disturbances. This article presents how the disturbance observer works under what conditions, and how one can design a disturbance observer to guarantee robust stability and to recover the nominal performance not only in the steady-state but also for the transient response under large uncertainty and disturbance

Factorization in graviton interactions

The study of factorization in the linearized gravity is extended to the graviton scattering processes with a massive scalar particle, with a massless vector boson and also with a graviton. Every transition amplitude is shown to be completely factorized and the physical implications of their common factors are discussed.Comment: 5 pages, Revtex 3.0, SNUTP 93-7