A Review of Tidal and Wave Energy in Southern Waters of Iran

This paper discussed the historical review and current status of tidal current energy, problems, and challenges in this energy commercialization. Fossil fuels are nonreplicable and also have negative greenhouse effects on the environment, so the world needs new and sustainable energy resources such as the ocean, wind, solar, biofuels, etc. This review paper focused on the initiative tidal current energy technology and efforts in the development of such energy to extract power from. Iran’s southern waters have been selected in this review. Some former projects and studies, current status, and impact of the tidal current and wave energy on the environment and aquatic life are discussed. Also, the limitations, challenges, and problems in the way of using this energy and infrastructure to transfer the generated power such as grid connections are proposed. It is decided that Chabahar, Bushehr, and Khowr-Moussa are the best locations for harnessing tides and wave energy. This study is among the first review of works done in the aspect of the tidal current energy in Iran and the results will help the investors, policymakers, companies, and researchers to have access to a comprehensive list of up-to-date studies and statistics to better understand the current situation to secure the projects in this field

Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in Great Lakes

Global warming emissions and carbon dioxide caused by human activities are overloading our atmosphere which cause web of significant and harmful impacts. There are little to no global warming emissions by renewable energy. To date, offshore wind farms generally have been installed in shallow ocean-coastal areas. The Great Lakes with freshwater have shown high potential for installing offshore wind farms, and significant advantages. There are more than 5 offshore windfarms in progress at the end of 2019 in Great Lakes. The object of this study is to present the capacity and prospects of offshore wind farms development in Great Lakes. Also, the power of wind farms, barriers, issues, wind vision, advantages and disadvantages, the criteria related to the location of the offshore wind farms in Great Lakes have been analyzed and presents statistics for decision-makers, interested communities, investors and academic researchers. This paper is among the rare works that have been done in aspect of statistical and data gathering for the wind offshore in Great Lakes as the moratorium in the Canadian side and the difficulties in obtaining permissions in the American side put the offshore wind sector on pause for a long time, and recently (since 2016) it started to get some momentum. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites

CFD-PBM Simulation of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Hydroxide Co-precipitation in CSTR

The co-precipitation of Ni 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 (OH) 2 in a pilot-scale CSTR is simulated by adopting the CFD-PBM approach combined with the operator-splitting method. It is shown that the excessive total computational time can affect the applicability of the approach, hence necessity of using massive parallel calculations. However, the effectiveness of the parallel calculation is limited unless an algorithm is implemented to balance the load of the source integration across computing processors

CFD-PBE modelling of continuous Ni-Mn-Co hydroxide co-precipitation for Li-ion batteries

A modelling framework is proposed to simulate the co-precipitation of Ni-Mn-Co hydroxide as precursor of cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. It integrates a population balance equation with computational fluid dynamics to describe the evolution of the particle size in (particularly continuous) co-precipitation processes. The population balance equation is solved by employing the quadrature method of moments. In addition, a multi-environment micromixing model is employed to consider the potential effect of molecular mixing on the fast co-precipitation reaction. The modelling framework is used to investigate the co-precipitation of Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(OH)2 in a multi-inlet vortex micromixer, as a suitable candidate for the study of fast co-precipitation processes in continuous mode. Finally, the simulation results are discussed, and the role of the different phenomena involved in the formation and evolution of particles is identified by inspecting the predicted trends

On the realizability and boundedness of the moments in a bubbly gas-liquid pipe flow

The quadrature-based moment methods (QBMM) are widely used to solve the population balance equation (PBE), which provides a useful understanding of the evolution of disperse systems, e.g. bubbly gas-liquid flow. A key element of the methods is the moment-inversion algorithm that fails if the set of moments is not realizable. When the moment transport equations (derived from the PBE) include the convective term, employing standard high-order discretization schemes may cause the non-realizability problem. As a result, several realizable high-order schemes have been developed to address this issue. This work makes use of a bubbly developing pipe flow to investigate the performance of three schemes including 1st- and 2nd-order schemes, which can prevent the non-realizability problem. Eventually, the predictions will be discussed from the point of view of moment boundedness, a property that must be respected to obtain physical predictions

Simulation of Polydisperse Bubbly Flows with CFD and PBM: Importance of Interfacial Forces

Developing reliable Computational Fluid Dynamics Population Balance Model (CFD-PBM) is beneficial for studying the behavior of any industrial-scale polydisperse mixing system. Overall performance of this method relies on the closure relations employed in the averaged field equations. This work focuses on the relations proposed for the lift and wall lubrication forces used in the momentum balance equation. The selected relations are assessed using the experimental data of a polydisperse bubbly flow. Following this, the necessity of adjusting lift coefficient for improving the results is illustrated. Finally, the evolution of the bubble size distribution predicted by the CFD-PBM is evaluated against the experimental data