An Investigation of the Scale and Spread of Child Marriage in the Suburbs of Mashhad (Ismaeel-Abad Region), Focused on Causes, Factors, and Preventive Solutions

The phenomenon of Child Marriage is referred to as a marriage or similar union between a child and an adult or another child under the age of eighteen. The causes of child marriage include: family relations, sexual discrimination, controlling sexual relationships and maintaining the dignity of the family, certain economic factors and other social and cultural factors as well. Among the effects of early marriage on children it can be pointed to divorce at young ages and its risks for girls, dropout, harming of children’s sexual health and their fertilization rights an instance of which is early pregnancy putting both the mother’s and infant’s health at risk, sexual dissatisfaction, increased violence and exploitation, violation of child rights, and lack of ability to manage life affairs. Filed investigations on the factors of child marriage in the Ismaeel-Abad district of Mashhad show that the most important factors that promote child marriage in the investigated area include economic factors and social attitudes. In terms of solutions aimed at mitigating the rate of child marriage, fighting poverty, training families and promoting their awareness, empowering the youth, reviewing and amending the laws, and correcting the cultural procedures of selecting a spouse can be considered to be potentially effective

The Effectiveness of Prayer Training on Perceived Stress of Women Heading Households Supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: Women who head households constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in the society. They are exposed to social discrimination and psychological pressures more frequently than other groups of women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of prayer on perceived stress of women heading households supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation.Method: A pretest-posttest design with control group was adopted in this quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of the study included all the women heading households supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Rasht in 2015-2016. Thirty women were selected from this population through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental (15 individuals) and control group (15 participants). The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of prayer training. Cohen et al.’s perceived stress questionnaire was used for data gathering. The collected data were analyzed by covariance statistical method. All ethical issues were observed in the study and the researchers declared no conflict of interests.Results: The findings indicated that women in the experimental group had a significantly lower level of stress than their counterparts in the control group. Thus, the research hypothesis (i.e. prayer training is effective in reducing perceived stress among women heading households) was confirmed (p<0.01).Conclusion: Taken together, prayer training has a significant effect on declining perceived stress of women heading households.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Sheykholeslami A, Parsa M. The Effectiveness of Prayer Training on Perceived Stress of Women Heading Households Supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation.J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5): 17- 26.

Post stroke dementia and its putative risk factors: a hospital - based study

Introduction:Dementia is common after stroke and has a considerable impact on mortality, rehabilitation and quality of life. There are some published articles regarding post stroke dementia but there are many controversies surrounding this topic. Our aim was to identify the prevalence of post stroke dementia 3 months after stroke and evaluation of some its putative risk factors in Iranian population. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 151 patients with acute stroke were evaluated. The diagnosis was confirmed by physical examination and neuroimaging. Three months after the stroke, all patients were visited again. The diagnosis of post stroke dementia was made according to the criteria in the DSM-IV. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire and data about lesion location and kind of stroke were obtained according to neuroimaging. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, and chi-square test were used. Results: In our study, 47% patients were male and the rest were female. Thirty five (23.2%) of patients had post stroke dementia(PSD) after 3 months. 70.6 % of patients were 60 years old or more. 88.7% of patients had ischemic infarction and the rest had hemorrhagic stroke . The most frequent lesion locations were temporal, frontal and parietal lobes respectively., There was no significant statistical difference between PSD and sex, age, educational status, lesion location and kind of stroke. Conclusion: Our results show that a significant portion of patients with stroke are prone to PSD. The risk of dementia occurring after a stroke does not seem to be influenced by the stroke type

Pregnancy Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients Infected With 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus in Qom, Iran, in Oct-Nov. 2009

Background: Pandemic H1N1 influenza A 2009 (H1N1/09) virus has been identified as a leading cause of febrile respiratory diseases worldwide, and pregnant women constitute a high risk group. Objectives: To determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with H1N1 influenza A hospitalized in university hospitals of Qom city in Iran. Patients and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted using existed data related to October and November 2009. All pregnant women with influenza manifestations were admitted to the hospitals to undergo nasopharyngeal culture. H1N1 virus was confirmed in 11 cases. Data including demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, and pregnancy complications was extracted from medical records, and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age of the women was 28.1 ± 4.7 years with a mean gestational age of 28.7 ± 10.9 weeks. The most common clinical manifestations included coughing (100%), fever (87.5%), and dyspnea (75%). The most common abnormal test was anemia (88%). Pregnancy complications included preterm delivery (36.3%), low birth weight (18%), oligohydramnios (9%), gestational diabetes (9%), and fetal distress (9%). Also one (12.5%) wound dehiscence happened. Conclusions: vaccination seems to be necessary to prevent this potentially fatal infectious disease. Furthermore, timely prescription of antiviral medications is recommended to decrease the risk of severe complications

The effective factors on place attachment in residential environments

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Place attachment is among the most important aspects of the interaction between people and their places, to keep residential environments safe, sustained, and resilient. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the creation and enhancement of place attachment in residential settings, with a focus on physical elements. Given the significance of these factors in architecture and facility programming, the study aims to provide architects and designers with effective strategies for designing and redesigning residential environments. The results of this study on place attachment can be utilized in the architectural facility programming process and design decision-making. METHODS: This study proposed a theoretical framework in which the relationship between subjective and objective physical and individual characteristics and time were the main components of making sense of place attachment. Using a survey method, the study investigated the significance of place attachment among residents of the 600-unit residential complex in Mashhad, Iran, through a questionnaire divided into three sections. The first section focused on individual characteristics and time spent in the complex, while the second and third sections measured the objective and subjective physical characteristics and the extent of people's attachment to the complex, respectively. The data from 158 participants were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS software.FINDINGS: Results of SPSS analysis showed objective physical characteristics (p<.01, r=.241), as well as the subjective physical characteristics (p<.01, r=.223) and time (p<.01, r=.237), were the most important components affecting place attachment, highlighting the role of physical strategies used in the residential complex for creating and developing this feeling. Considering these physical factors affecting the establishment and enhancement of place attachment emphasizes the role of architects and planners in satisfying this crucial human need which directly affects people's personal and social health.CONCLUSION: The results revealed time, subjective, and objective physical characteristics are three factors that have a direct impact on place attachment. Objective physical characteristics have a direct impact on place attachment and also indirectly impact it through their effect on subjective physical characteristics. On the other hand, the relationship between individual characteristics and place attachment is indirect, as individual characteristics affect the time spent in a place, and an increase in time spent leads to a stronger place attachment. The findings can be employed extensively in architectural programming in residential environments to improve the quality of life

The Role of Perceived Classroom Environment, Academic Optimism and Academic Emotions in Predicting School Bonding of Female Students

School bonding is one of the factors that cause the students to feel dependent or connected with the school, in which various factors play a role. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the role of perceived classroom environment, academic optimism and academic emotions in predicting the female students’ school bonding. The research method is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female students of the second secondary school in Rasht in the academic year of 2019-2020, among whom 170 people were selected as the sample using the cluster random sampling method. Finally, 150 healthy questionnaires were analyzed. To collect data from Rezaei-Sharif, et al school bonding questionnaire (2014), Gentry, et al perceived classroom environment questionnaire (2002), the Schannen-Moran, et al academic optimism questionnaire (2013). And Pekran, et al academic emotions questionnaire (2002) were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between perceived classroom environment, academic optimism and positive academic emotions associated with female students’ school bonding and a significant negative relationship between negative academic emotions and transplantation with female students’ school bonding (0/01). Also, the results of regression analysis revealed that 73% of the variance of the female students’ school bonding is based on the Perceived classroom, academic optimism and predictable academic emotions. Therefore, it can be concluded that perceived classroom environment, academic optimism and academic emotions are among the variables related to the students' school bonding

Long term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet

This is the final version. Available on open access from BMC via the DOI in this recordAvailability of data and materials; The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Background Running on sand could be a promising exercise intervention for the treatment of over-pronated feet. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of running on sand on muscle activities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of running on sand on the activities of selected lower limb muscles in individuals with OPF compared with healthy controls. Methods Sixty recreational adult male runners with over-pronated feet (foot posture index > 10) were divided into two equal groups (intervention and control). Participants ran barefoot at a pre-defined speed (⁓3.3 m/s) over level stable ground both before and after long-term training on the sand. Muscle activities were recorded using a surface bipolar electromyography system. Results For the intervention group, we found a reduced foot posture index (p < 0.001; d = 2.00) and significant group-by-time interactions for gluteus medius activity during the mid-stance phase (p < 0.028; d = 0.59). Significantly higher gluteus medius activity (p = 0.028, d = 0.569) was found during the post-test. We also observed significant group-by-time interactions for medial gastrocnemius activity during the push-off phase (p < 0.041; d = 0.54). Significantly larger medial gastrocnemius activity (p = 0.041; d = 0.636) was found during the post-test compared to the pre-test. Conclusions Long-term running on sand resulted in reduced pronation, increased medial gastrocnemius activity, and improved frontal plane pelvic stability due to higher gluteus medius activity. Trial registration: IRCT20191211045704N1. Registered 25 February 2020. Retrospectively registered