Collaborative Training With a More Experienced Partner: Remediating Low Pretraining Self-Efficacy in Complex Skill Acquisition

Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of collaborative training for individuals with low pretraining self-efficacy versus individuals with high pretraining selfefficacy regarding the acquisition of a complex skill that involved strong cognitive and psychomotor demands. Background: Despite support for collaborative learning from the educational literature and the similarities between collaborative learning and interventions designed to remediate low self-efficacy, no research has addressed how selfefficacy and collaborative learning interact in contexts concerning complex skills and human-machine interactions. Method: One hundred fifty-five young male adults trained either individually or collaboratively with a more experienced partner on a complex computer task that simulated the demands of a dynamic aviation environment. Participants also completed a task-specific measure of self-efficacy before, during, and after training. Results: Collaborative training enhanced skill acquisition significantly more for individuals with low pretraining self-efficacy than for individuals with high pretraining self-efficacy. However, collaborative training did not bring the skill acquisition levels of those persons with low pretraining self-efficacy to the levels found for persons with high pretraining self-efficacy. Moreover, tests of mediation suggested that collaborative training may have enhanced appropriate skill development strategies without actually raising self-efficacy. Conclusion: Although collaborative training can facilitate the skill acquisition process for trainees with low self-efficacy, future research is needed that examines how the negative effects of low pretraining self-efficacy on complex skill acquisition can be more fully remediated. Application: The differential effects of collaborative training as a function of self-efficacy highlight the importance of person analysis and tailoring training to meet differing trainee needs.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Neuropathological Findings In Chronic Relapsing Experimental Allergic Neuritis Induced In The Lewis Rat By Inoculation With Intradural Root Myelin And Treatment With Low Dose Cyclosporin A

Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was induced in Lewis rats by inoculation with bovine intradural root myelin and adjuvants. Rats treated with subcutaneous cyclosporin A (CsA) (4mg/kg on 3 days per week from the day of inoculation until day 29) developed a chronic relapsing course. Tissues from the spinal cord, nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve of CsA-treated rats sampled during relapses and remissions were studied during or after episodes of acute EAN. Both control and CsA-treated animals studied in the first episode of EAN had evidence of inflammation and primary demyelination of the nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia. In control and CsA-treated animals in the second episode there was severe inflammation and demyelination and remyelination in the spinal nerves and sciatic nerves and dorsal columns of the spinal cord, particularly in later stages of the disease. In later episodes there was less inflammation, but there was continuing demyelination and onion bulbs were present. In animals sampled after recovery from chronic relapsing EAN onion bulbs were present. Occasional small onion bulbs were also observed in control animals that were inoculated with higher doses of myelin. Plasma cells were present in the inflammatory lesions of later episodes. Mast cells were also observed at different stages of the disease. We conclude that the CsA form of chronic relapsing EAN has clinical and pathological similarities with the human disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

Photographic estimation of roosting density of Geoffroys Rousette Fruit Bat <i>Rousettus amplexicaudatus</i> (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) at Monfort Bat Cave, Philippines

Conservation and management of bats requires reliable and repeatable data regarding the size and patterns of variation in size of bat colonies. Counts and densities calculated via photography have proven more accurate and repeatable than visual counts and ocular estimates. Unfortunately, the potential of photography to investigate the size of a bat colony and roost density has rarely been explored. In the summer of 2006, a colony of Geoffroys Rousette Fruit Bat, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, was photo-documented in the Monfort Bat Cave, in the Island Garden City of Samal, Davao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. We selected 39 images to develop roost density estimates. Mean (+or-SE) roosting density was 403+or-167.1 bats/m2 and 452.3+or-168.8 bats/m2 on the walls and ceiling of the cave, respectively; densities were not significantly different from each other (P=0.38). Based on these standardized data, we estimate that the initial 100m of the cave contained 883,526 bats. Ultimately, this photographic technique can be used to develop a statistical approach which involves repeatable estimates of colony size for Geoffroys Rousette Fruit Bats at Monfort Cave and will enhance ongoing monitoring activities throughout this species range