Execution Without Trial: Police Homicide and the Constitution

This analysis of police homicide and the Constitution leads to the conclusion that the present state laws are unconstitutional, not just in the common-law states, but in the Model Penal Code and forcible felony states as well.\u27 The present laws of every state in the union deny police homicide victims fifth and fourteenth amendment rights to due process, allow the punishment of death to be imposed in a cruel and unusual fashion, and appear to deny equal protection to blacks. The only constitutional alternative apparent is to remove police homicide from the realm of punishment and confine justification for it to the self-defense doctrine, more properly called a defense-of-life doctrine. In short, the conclusion is that the police throughout the country should adopt the first section of the firearms policy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Letter From Lawrence Yates Sherman to Francis Mairs Huntington-Wilson, Nov 7, 1911

The document is a handwritten letter from Lawrence Yates Sherman to the Assistant Secretary of State regarding the President\u27s visit to Springfield and a potential private secretary.https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/fmhw_other/1222/thumbnail.jp

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric techniques for the study of molecular recognition

The ability of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to quantitatively analyze the distribution of complexes resulting from molecular recognition in solution was modeled, and ESI-MS techniques were developed to analyze complexes involving several different types of novel compounds in different areas of molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry. To better understand the relationship between ion abundances observed by ESI-MS and concentrations of host-guest complexes in solution, mathematical models based on equilibrium partitioning theory were developed to relate ESI-MS ion abundances to relative solution concentrations of complexes resulting from host-guest binding. The predictions of these new models were evaluated and experimentally confirmed through the analysis of complexes of crown ethers with alkali metal cations in an ESI quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer, yielding a greater understanding of the behavior of host-guest complexes in ESI-MS, allowing for more accurate measurements of solution binding interactions. The self-assembly of ligand-metal-ligand sandwich complexes involving a novel quinoxaline-containing crown ether was studied to evaluate the contribution of pi-stacking interactions between the ligands towards the overall stability of the complexes. Donor-acceptor pi-stacking interactions between the electron-poor quinoxaline group and electron-rich benzene groups from benzo- or dibenzo-18-crown-6 were found to significantly enhance the formation of mixed-ligand sandwich complexes. A synthetic pyrrole-inosine nucleoside, capable of forming an extended three-point Hoogsteen-type hydrogen-bonding interaction with guanine, was shown to bind guanosine selectively over other individual nucleosides, and ESI-MS results indicated the formation of specific complexes between the pyrrole-inosine nucleoside and two different quadruplex DNA structures. The specificity of the pyrrole-inosine nucleoside for quadruplex DNA suggests that it or similar structures based on this binding modality may ultimately demonstrate utility as anti-tumor agents. The interactions between a novel enediyne drug and various cytidine-containing oligonucleotides were studied, and the structures of the DNA-enediyne adducts known to lead to cytidine-specific DNA cleavage were examined. Collisionally activated dissociation of the adducts confirmed their strength and suggest a direct linkage between the enediyne and the cytidine nucleobase, likely the result of a nucleophilic attack by the cytidine amine.Chemistry and BiochemistryChemistr

Restorative Justice: The Evidence

This 2007 report reviews a wealth of restorative justice evidence from the UK and abroad

The morality of evidence: the second annual lecture for<i>Restorative Justice: An International Journal</i>

In the past two decades restorative justice (RJ) has been the subject of more rigorous criminological research than perhaps any other strategy for crime prevention and victim support. A misalignment between practice and research, however, has resulted in much confusion about what practices are, or are not, supported by the existing research base. This confusion raises the moral problem of doing things to people without evidence those things do no harm. In what has become a wide array of justice practices called ‘restorative,’ there are serious risks of both direct and indirect harm in promoting--or even condoning-- untested practices: 1) Many practices remain untested, despite claims that tests of some RJ practices support all RJ practices, so that the untested practices may be causing harm directly; 2) Practices that have been rigorously tested and found to be effective are not widely used, while untested RJ practices have arguably caused harm indirectly by diverting resources from practices known to be effective; 3) Victims of violent crime are indirectly harmed by the diversion of RJ resources to property crime, where evidence shows RJ is less effective. We therefore assert a moral obligation for RJ practitioners to assure that their work does no harm by promoting rigorous evaluations of what they are doing, and encouraging investment in tested strategies for the kinds of victims and offenders with whom RJ is known to have the strongest effects.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20504721.2015.104986

A Microeconomic Study of Commercial Real Estate Brokerage Firms

While residential brokerage has been widely studied, the operating characteristics on income property brokerage firms have received little attention in the literature. In this paper, we analyze results from a survey of income property brokers to measure profitability scale effects, and expenditures at the firm level. We find that while scale economies exist for expenses, net income per producer falls as firms grow; the optimally sized firm is comparatively small. Although inconsistencies with results from recent residential brokerage studies may relate to the survey period, they may also support a view that residential and income brokerage firms are structurally different.