Comparison of Bacterial Community in Paddy Soil after Short-Term Application of Pig Manure and the Corresponding Organic Fertilizer

Agricultural fertilization significantly affects nutrients cycling in paddy soils. However, there are few systematic studies on the response of the application of livestock manure and corresponding organic fertilizer resulting in the microorganism and its nutrients entering farmland. Short-term application of pig manure and its corresponding organic fertilizer on the microorganisms of paddy fields were investigated. High-throughput sequencing technology was conducted to comprehensively study the microbial community composition and structure. Our results showed that organic fertilizer effectively enhanced nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at ripening stage and reduced the pH of soil, benefitting the soil fertility and the growth of rice. Though application of pig manure maintained higher microbial diversity, it increased the relative abundance of several pathogenic bacteria, which could threaten the soil health of the paddy fields. A large number of pathogenic bacteria can be reduced through composting pig manure to organic fertilizer. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria such as Anaerolineaceae, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacillus, and Nitrospira in the paddy soil were significantly promoted. The heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd, and nutrient substances such as phosphorus, as well as temperature, have important influences on the microbial compositions in ripening stage. The correlation analysis revealed more correlation efficiencies were observed with manure application, especially with the application of organic fertilizer. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in paddy fields

Comparison of Bacterial Community in Paddy Soil after Short-Term Application of Pig Manure and the Corresponding Organic Fertilizer

Agricultural fertilization significantly affects nutrients cycling in paddy soils. However, there are few systematic studies on the response of the application of livestock manure and corresponding organic fertilizer resulting in the microorganism and its nutrients entering farmland. Short-term application of pig manure and its corresponding organic fertilizer on the microorganisms of paddy fields were investigated. High-throughput sequencing technology was conducted to comprehensively study the microbial community composition and structure. Our results showed that organic fertilizer effectively enhanced nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at ripening stage and reduced the pH of soil, benefitting the soil fertility and the growth of rice. Though application of pig manure maintained higher microbial diversity, it increased the relative abundance of several pathogenic bacteria, which could threaten the soil health of the paddy fields. A large number of pathogenic bacteria can be reduced through composting pig manure to organic fertilizer. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria such as Anaerolineaceae, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacillus, and Nitrospira in the paddy soil were significantly promoted. The heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd, and nutrient substances such as phosphorus, as well as temperature, have important influences on the microbial compositions in ripening stage. The correlation analysis revealed more correlation efficiencies were observed with manure application, especially with the application of organic fertilizer. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in paddy fields

New ecological redline policy (ERP) to secure ecosystem services in China

China is facing huge environmental problems, with its current rapid rate of urbanization and industrial-ization causing biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, and land resources degradation on a major scale.To overcome management conflicts and secure ecosystem services, China has proposed a new ‘ecologicalredline policy’ (ERP) using ecosystem services as a way to meet its targets. By giving environmental policyredline status, China is demonstrating strong commitment in its efforts to tackle environmental degrada-tion and secure ecosystem services for the future. This is already having impact, as the Chinese Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection and the National Development and Reform Commission are prepared to worktogether to implement the new environmental policyNational Natural Science Foundation of China (41501580

The Forest Pattern and Its Variation Characteristics in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits

Taking Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits as the study area, we use GIS, remote sensing, mathematical statistics and other methods, to analyze the forest pattern and its variation characteristics in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits during the period 1992—2008; use canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine the effects of environmental factors on changes in forest pattern. The results show that the forest resources are rich in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits, accounting for 61.40% of the total area, but the geographical distribution is very uneven, with obvious regional and elevation gradient difference; since 1992, the forest has been dwindling in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits, from 89 300 km2 in 1992 to 88 300 km2 in 2008; in terms of changes in region and elevation gradient, there is obvious difference in the forest, and the central and western forest of Wuyi Mountain tends to decline obviously; the main environmental factors influencing changes in forest pattern in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits include temperature, sunshine hours, GDP per capita and precipitation; evaporation, evaporation and population density have weak effects on changes in forest pattern

Assessment of Soil Quality of Tidal Marshes in Shanghai City

We take three types of tidal marshes in Shanghai City as the study object: tidal marshes in mainland, tidal marshes in the rim of islands, and shoal in Yangtze estuary. On the basis of assessing nutrient quality and environmental quality, respectively, we use soil quality index (SQI) to assess the soil quality of tidal flats, meanwhile formulate the quality grading standards, and analyze the current situation and characteristics of it. The results show that except the north of Hangzhou Bay, Nanhui and Jiuduansha with low soil nutrient quality, there are not obvious differences in soil nutrient quality between other regions; the heavy metal pollution of tidal marshes in mainland is more serious than that of tidal marshes in the rim of islands; in terms of the comprehensive soil quality index, the regions are sequenced as follows: Jiuduansha wetland＞Chongming Dongtan wetland＞Nanhui tidal flat＞tidal flat on the periphery of Chongming Island＞tidal flat on the periphery of Hengsha Island＞Pudong tidal flat＞Baoshan tidal flat＞tidal flat on the periphery of Changxing Island＞tidal flat in the north of Hangzhou Bay. Among them, Jiuduansha wetland and Chongming Dongtan wetland have the best soil quality, belonging to class III, followed by Nanhui tidal flat, tidal flat on the periphery of Chongming Island and tidal flat on the periphery of Hengsha Island, belonging to class IV; tidal flat on the periphery of Changxing Island, Pudong tidal flat, Baoshan tidal flat and tidal flat in the north of Hangzhou Bay belong to class V

Effects of Pig Manure and Its Organic Fertilizer Application on Archaea and Methane Emission in Paddy Fields

Paddy fields account for 10% of global CH4 emissions, and the application of manure may increase CH4 emissions. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the effects of manure application on CH4 emissions and methanogens in paddy soil. Three treatments were studied: a controlled treatment (CK), pig manure (PM), and organic fertilizer (OF). The results showed that the contents of Zn, Cr and Ni in paddy soil increased with the application of manure, but the contents of heavy metals gradually decreased with the growth of rice. The Shannon index and Ace index showed that the application of pig manure and organic fertilizer less affected the diversity and richness of soil Archaea. The results of community composition analysis showed that Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera, Methanosarcina and Rice_Cluster_I were the main methanogens in paddy soil after manure and organic fertilizer application. Soil environmental factors were changed after applied manure, among which total potassium (TK) and total nitrogen (TN) were the main environmental factors affecting methanogens in paddy soil. The changes of soil environmental factors affected the community composition of methanogens, and the increase of the relative abundance of methanogens maybe the main reason for the increase of CH4 emission flux. The relative abundance of methanogens and CH4 emission flux in paddy soil were increased by both pig manure and organic fertilizer application, and pig manure had a bigger impact than organic manure