The Concept of Error in a Database: An Application of Temporal Databases

The existing database models do not capture the difference between updates intended to make changes and corrections. The information about errors is external to the database and such information cannot be queried. We give a model to capture the concept of error in a database. The model consisting of 2-dimensional temporal relations is a consistent extension of the classical relational model as well as our l-dimensional temporal relational model. To circumvent the identity of an object from becoming corrupt due to the presence of errors, we make a copy of the correct identity and permanently glue (anchor) it to the object. The transition from the l-dimensional case to the 2-dimensional case is complex, but most of this complexity is absorbed by the system and not passed on to the user. This paper is a promising application of temporal databases to main stream databases

A formal treatment of updates and errors in a relational database

The concept of an update is external to the classical relational model. When an update is made, the old information is lost at the logical level, and such information may at best be stored in the form of an update log. As a result, the classical relational model is incapable of supporting a query language for updates. We consider two orthogonal concepts of time: the real world time, which captures the changes in the real world, and the transaction time, which is the time when some knowledge of the history of the real world is added to the database. We give a temporal relational model which timestamps the values of attributes with two dimensional timestamps. In this model a formal semantics of updates is given naturally, and the model may be used for querying for the nature of updates and errors. We introduce the concept of a user domain, which is a subset of the universe of time. The user domains support a hierarchy of users, giving each user an appropriate interface. A user domain may be two dimensional, one dimensional, or zero dimensional. The user with the zero dimensional user domain sees the classical snapshot database, and the classical relational algebra as the user interface. Thus, our framework is literally a consistent extension of the classical relational model. One use of our model is that it can be used to impose a logical structure upon the update log: we show that the update log can essentially be recovered from our model, and thus there is no loss of essential information if the update log is discarded. This work is a promising application of temporal databases to mainstream databases

Annihilation of vortex dipoles in an Oblate Bose-Einstein Condensate

We theoretically explore the annihilation of vortex dipoles, generated when an obstacle moves through an oblate Bose-Einstein condensate, and examine the energetics of the annihilation event. We show that the gray soliton, which results from the vortex dipole annihilation, is lower in energy than the vortex dipole. We also investigate the annihilation events numerically and observe that the annihilation occurs only when the vortex dipole overtakes the obstacle and comes closer than the coherence length. Furthermore, we find that the noise reduces the probability of annihilation events. This may explain the lack of annihilation events in experimental realizations.Comment: 8 pages and 9 figure

A STUDY OF RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANAESTHESIA AFTER PREOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL

ABSTRACT Antimicrobials are used prophylactily in any major surgery to cover perioperative wound infection and other infectious complication ,that may have interaction with muscle relaxant used for general anesthesia and the aim of our study is drug interaction and behavioural response of newly introduced antibiotics used with rocuronium. Gentamicin shortened onset and duration of block after intubating dose of rocuronium and also prolonged duration of extubation after last dose of rocuronium where as meropenem and ceftriaxone did not alter onset, duration and recovery characterstics of rocuronium. . From our study we can conclude that meropenem and ceftriaxone but not gentamicin, can be used safely during general anesthesia. The near ideal muscle relaxant must span the range of short, intermediate and long acting duration (as required by surgical procedure),have rapid onset, be highly metabolized, have no cumulative or cardiovascular effect, to be independent of kidney for elimination, and be easily antagonized. The most commonly used clinical agentsatracurium, doxacurium, vecuronium, pancuronium and pipecuronium-demonstrate some, but not all, of these properties. KEYWORDS : Rocuronium bromide is a relatively new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant. It is the first of these agents to have an onset time possibly as brief as that of suxamethonium without adverse side effect. Rocuronium bromide is mono-quaternary, aminosteroidal, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid onset of actio

The Concept of Error in a Database: An Application of Temporal Databases

The existing database models do not capture the difference between updates intended to make changes and corrections. The information about errors is external to the database and such information cannot be queried. We give a model to capture the concept of error in a database. The model consisting of 2-dimensional temporal relations is a consistent extension of the classical relational model as well as our l-dimensional temporal relational model. To circumvent the identity of an object from becoming corrupt due to the presence of errors, we make a copy of the correct identity and permanently glue (anchor) it to the object. The transition from the l-dimensional case to the 2-dimensional case is complex, but most of this complexity is absorbed by the system and not passed on to the user. This paper is a promising application of temporal databases to main stream databases.</p

A formal treatment of updates and errors in a relational database

The concept of an update is external to the classical relational model. When an update is made, the old information is lost at the logical level, and such information may at best be stored in the form of an update log. As a result, the classical relational model is incapable of supporting a query language for updates. We consider two orthogonal concepts of time: the real world time, which captures the changes in the real world, and the transaction time, which is the time when some knowledge of the history of the real world is added to the database. We give a temporal relational model which timestamps the values of attributes with two dimensional timestamps. In this model a formal semantics of updates is given naturally, and the model may be used for querying for the nature of updates and errors. We introduce the concept of a user domain, which is a subset of the universe of time. The user domains support a hierarchy of users, giving each user an appropriate interface. A user domain may be two dimensional, one dimensional, or zero dimensional. The user with the zero dimensional user domain sees the classical snapshot database, and the classical relational algebra as the user interface. Thus, our framework is literally a consistent extension of the classical relational model. One use of our model is that it can be used to impose a logical structure upon the update log: we show that the update log can essentially be recovered from our model, and thus there is no loss of essential information if the update log is discarded. This work is a promising application of temporal databases to mainstream databases.</p

Awareness, treatment adherence and risk predictors of uncontrolled hypertension at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Western India

Introduction: Hypertension still remains poorly controlled. Result: Adequate BP control was achieved in 37.4% of patients and significant attributes for poor control were BMI, marital status, literacy, socioeconomic status, smoking, medication adherence, absence of side effects, number of drugs, number of years on drug therapy and co-morbid conditions

A Comparative Study of Wound Infection Rates in Patients Receiving Pre OperativeIntraincisional Antibiotic Infiltration in Patients Undergoing Laparotomy for Perforation

Background and Method: This study was conducted in 100 patients (sample size) of intestinal perforation .in department of surgery at MYH Hospital and MGM Medical College, Indore (MP) after informed and written consent from the patient. A careful medical history suggest the source of the problem. Possible etiologies include the following. Penetrating injury or blunt trauma to the lower abdomen.NSAID intake or steroid intake.Treatment for ulcerative colitis or peptic ulcer.Abdominal pain, Vomiting, Hiccup History of travel in tropical area with symptom suggestive of typhoid fever.History of endoscopic procedure.History of chronic disease such as ulcerative colitis.Results: On post operative day 3, wound status of 80% controls was healthy, 12% controls had serous discharge and 8% controls had pus discharge present from the wound. The post operative wound status on day – 3 among both cases and controls was compared using chi-square test. The chi-square statistic is 4.6095. The p-value is 0.329758. The result is statistically not significant. On post operative day 5, wound status of 82% cases was healthy, 12% cases had serous discharge and only 6% cases had pus discharge present from the wound. On post operative day 5, wound status of 72% controls was healthy, 20% controls had serous discharge and 8% controls had pus discharge present from the wound. The post operative wound status on day – 5 among both cases and controls was compared using chi-square test. The chi-square statistic is 1.4675. The p-value is 0.832377. The result is statistically not significant. On post operative day 7, wound status of 86% cases was healthy, 8% cases had serous discharge and only 6% cases had pus discharge present from the wound.On post operative day 7, wound status of 56% controls was healthy, 6% controls had serous discharge and 38% controls had pus discharge present from the wound. The post operative wound status on day – 7 among both cases and controls was compared using chi-square test. The chi-square statistic is 36.4104. The p-value is &lt; 0.00001. The result is statistically significant.Conclusion: Both intra-incisional and intravenous ceftriaxone preoperatively as compared to the patients that received just intravenous ceftriaxone. The result is not significant during the early post operative period at day 3 and day 5. But the signicantIn our study there was significant decrease in occurrence of SSI among the patients result at day 7 is suggestive that intra-incisional with intravenous ceftriaxone prophylaxis is more effective than intravenous ceftriaxone aalone for reducing SSI. Preoperative intra incisional antibiotics decreases the pace of SSI on account of the higher concentrations attained at the entry point site