Case study India responds to international food safety requirements

"As awareness grows about food safety issues, the need for countries to provide greater assurance about the safety and quality of food also grows....This brief reviews (1) how India utilizes the international framework for food safety standards set forth by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (hereafter referred to as Codex), and (2) how India provides safety assurances for exports and promotes access to international markets for exporters." from TextFood safety ,food security ,Public health ,

Analysis of field measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes

Analysis of the field measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes is discussed. These data were examined in conjunction with reflectance obtained from helicopter mounted Modular Multiband Radiometer. These measurements are representative of the canopy scale (10 to 100 m)(exp 2) and provide a good basis for investigating the hypotheses/relationship potentially useful in remote sensing applications. All the micrometeorological data collected during FIFE-89 were processed and fluxes of CO2, water vapor, and sensible heat were calculated. Soil CO2 fluxes were also estimated. Employing these soil CO2 flux values, in conjunction with micrometeorological measurements, canopy photosynthesis is being estimated. A biochemical model of leaf photosynthesis was adapted to the prairie vegetation. The modeled leaf photosynthesis rates were scaled up to the canopy level. This model and a multiplicative stomatal conductance model are also used to calculate canopy conductance

Solving P - Norm Intuitionistic Fuzzy Programming Problem

In this paper, notion of p - norm generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is introduced. A new ranking method is introduced for p - norm generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Also we consider linear programming problem in intuitionistic fuzzy environment. In this problem, all the coefficients and variables are represented by p - norm generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. To overcome the limitations of the existing methods, a new method is proposed to compute the intuitionistic fuzzy optimal solution for intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem. An illustrative numerical example is solved to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.Comment: some erro

Writing on Fading Paper and Causal Transmitter CSI

A wideband fading channel is considered with causal channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and no receiver CSI. A simple orthogonal code with energy detection rule at the receiver (similar to [6]) is shown to achieve the capacity of this channel in the limit of large bandwidth. This code transmits energy only when the channel gain is large enough. In this limit, this capacity without any receiver CSI is the same as the capacity with full receiver CSI--a phenomenon also true for dirty paper coding. For Rayleigh fading, this capacity (per unit time) is proportional to the logarithm of the bandwidth. Our coding scheme is motivated from the Gel'fand-Pinsker [2,3] coding and dirty paper coding [4]. Nonetheless, for our case, only causal CSI is required at the transmitter in contrast with dirty-paper coding and Gel'fand-Pinsker coding, where non-causal CSI is required. Then we consider a general discrete channel with i.i.d. states. Each input has an associated cost and a zero cost input "0" exists. The channel state is assumed be to be known at the transmitter in a causal manner. Capacity per unit cost is found for this channel and a simple orthogonal code is shown to achieve this capacity. Later, a novel orthogonal coding scheme is proposed for the case of causal transmitter CSI and a condition for equivalence of capacity per unit cost for causal and non-causal transmitter CSI is derived. Finally, some connections are made to the case of non-causal transmitter CSI in [8]

Plastid genetic engineering via somatic embryogenisis

A method of transforming plant plastids and regenerating fertile transplastomic plants by somatic embryogenesis is disclosed. The method involves transforming a plant plastid in a plant cell capable of being regenerated through somatic embryogenesis with a plastid expression cassette comprising one or more selectable marker genes that express in both green and non-green tissue and in light and dark conditions wherein the selectable marker plant cell is cultured in the presence of the plant cell to a selection agent. The transplastomic plant cell is cultured in the presence of the selection agent under conditions to cause the formation of a somatic embryo. The somatic embryo is grown into a fertile transplastomic plant. Preferably, the expression cassette contains two different selectable marker genes that express different proteins that provide plant cell resistance to the same selection agent

Analysis of soil and species composition

Measurements were made during May to October, 1987 and June to August, 1989 over a tallgrass prairie near Manhattan, Kansas. Soil at the experimental site is predominantly Dwight silty clay loam. The prairie was burned on 16 April 1987 and on 28 April 1989 to improve the mix of grasses and forbs. The experimental area was not grazed during 1986 - 1989. A summary of results are given for soil moisture and plant growth; momentum flux and canopy aerodynamic characteristics; evapotranspiration, components of energy balance and canopy conductance; modeling canopy stomatal conductance; canopy photosynthesis, photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency; modeling canopy photosynthesis; the carbon dioxide budget in a temperate grassland ecosystem; and photosynthesis and stomatal conductance related to reflectance on the canopy scale