Estimating Infrastructural Investment Needs for India

This paper attempts to systemically project the demand and fund requirements of the Indian infrastructure sector up to 2013. In the infrastructure sector transportation (rail, port, air and road), electricity and telecommunication sectors are covered in this study. Our analysis is performed in three stages. In the first stage, long run linkage between infrastructure variables and income are established by applying cointegration method. Subsequently, infrastructure demand functions are estimated by using Dynamic OLS (DOLS) technique. In the second stage, by using the estimated infrastructure elasticity to income of variables and IMF’s projected income data, we project the sector-wise demand and funding requirement. In the final stage, we put forward some suggestions for reforms in infrastructure financing, so the projected demand in the country would be achieved. The results of the analysis indicates that in important sectors like electricity and port, the government(the Planning Commission) has seriously underestimated the future demand, while in air transport sector, the demand seems to be overestimated. Only in telecommunication sector, the projections of this study are at par with their projections. Overall, we find that the government has at least 7% underestimated the infrastructure needs. Based on these results, we propose for initiation of a set of reforms in existing financing pattern of infrastructure in the countryInfrastructure projection, DOLS, India

Reply on `comment on our paper `Single two-level ion in an anharmonic-oscillator trap: Time evolution of the Q function and population inversion ''

We show here that the model Hamiltonian used in our paper for ion vibrating in a q-analog harmonic oscillator trap and interacting with a classical single-mode light field is indeed obtained by replacing the usual bosonic creation and annihilation operators of the harmonic trap model by their q-deformed counterparts. The approximations made in our paper amount to using for the ion-laser interaction in a q-analog harmonic oscillator trap, the operator F_{q}=exp{-(|\epsilon|^2}/2)}exp{i\epsilon A^{\dagger}}exp{i\epsilon A}, which is analogous to the corresponding operator for ion in a harmonic oscillator trap that is $F=exp{-(|\epsilon|^2 /2)}exp{i\epsilon a^{\dagger }}exp{i\epsilon a}$. In our article we do not claim to have diagonalized the operator, $F_q = exp{i \epsilon (A^{\dagger}+A)}$, for which the basis states |g,m> and |e,m> are not analytic vectors.Comment: Revtex, 4pages. To be Published in Physical Review A59, NO.4(April 99

Coal Beneficiation - Application of Froth Flotation

I shall try to highlight the growth of beneficiation in coal and leading to the need for adoption of flotation circuits. Beginning in early 50's when the upper horizon with low ash and low near gravity materials were mined, all either jigging or heavy media baths for beneficiation was found effective. The fines were taken out before the feed into the cleaning circuit. The fines were of low ash and were invariably remixed. Circuits were simple and operated well

Bacteriological Status Of Meat During Various Stages Of Processing In AFD Packing Plant

Studies on eight carcasses(sheep/goat) for microbial status of meat at different stages of processing viz dressed carcass before after chilling, after boning, cocking, cooking, cooling, slicing, deep freezing, freeze drying, and packing have been carried out. No difference in microbial status has been observed in sheep and goat carcass. The lower (front body) portion of carcass has higher microbial load than the upper portion (hind body). No significant increase in total colony counts was observed on keeping the carcass for 24 hours at 5 degree centigrade. The highest microbial load has been observed on boned meat. The total colony counts (TCC) gets reduced during the process of deep freezing and freeze drying. The precooked, freeze dried meat has TCC up to 266

Receding the entrainment of concomitant Ultrafines by MGS in Lead Concentrate of Rajpura - Dariba Concentrator

Due to the fine dissemination and complex mineralogy the Rajpu ra-Dariba (RD) lead --inc ore poses special problems in concentration by corrventional froth flotation. In order to achieve the desired metallurgical results 'Multi Gravity Separator, a twin drum system, has recently been installed in the lead circuit of RD concentrator. Open and closed trial tests were conducted, without sacrificing the economic metal tt•ith substantial abatement of ultrafine card fine srliceuus and graphite matter in lead concentrate. The metallurgical alludes achieved are (i) over 85% -400 mesh fines are separated in the form of MGS tails whereas 53% -400 mesh are obtained in MGS concentrate from the feed(lead rougher concentrate) 77% -400 mesh with 52% Pb, I% Gr. C and 2.5% ISM in respective Wt. %distribution i.e., 47.3 and 3, (ii) tails are characterised br- >93% ultrafine of <20 microns particles encompass 21 % Pb, 8% Gr: C and 39% ISM with respective Wt. % distribution i.e., 32. 93, 83% in -400 mesh fr-action, resulting in effective rejection of Gr. C and ISM, (iii)conventional lead concentrate consists of 28% +400 mesh material only with all the assorted fines and ultrafines. Mine ralogically, it is established that composite bigger particles of sulphide gangue and graphite are the main contributor. for silica and graphite in MGS concentrate. Over 39% by vol. fines are alienated as MGS tails, in the form of free sulphide, gangue and graphite minerals. Installation of MGS in lead circuit, confirms the significant reduction of Gr:C and ISM in particular to high GMS_feed rnix in lead concentrate in comparison to lead concentrate by conventional route