Effect of Loading Rate on Creep Properties of HgCdTe Epitaxial Films

Nanoindentation creep studies were performed on Hg1-xCdxTe (x~0.29) epitaxial films using different loading rates of 0.5 mN.s-1, 1 mN.s-1, 2 mN.s-1 and 4 mN.s-1, keeping a constant peak load of 10 mN. A constant hold time of 20 sec at peak load was maintained for all experiments. The effect of loading rate on creep behaviour of material has been investigated. Creep displacement had shown increasing trend with increase of loading rates. Stress exponents were extracted using creep curve fitting with an empirical equation. A strong dependence of loading rate on stress exponent was observed. The value of stress exponent was found varying in the range 0.60-1.76, 0.96-2.23, 0.98-2,87 and 0.90-2.81 for loading rates 0.5 mN.s-1, 1 mN.s-1, 2 mN.s-1 and 4 mN.s-1, respectively. The change of stress exponent was attributed to change of creep mechanism. Hardness and elastic modulus were extracted from load-displacement curves and it was found that with the increase of the loading rate hardness increases, while elastic modulus remains constant. A correlation between variation of hardness and creep displacement has also been presented

Functional and clinical outcome of MIPPO anterolateral plating for proximal tibia fracture both proximal one third and coronal intrarticular fracture

Background: The proximal tibial fractures are one of the commonest intraarticular fractures. Generally these injuries fall into two broad categories, high energy fractures and low energy fractures. The tibial plateau fractures are mostly due to high velocity road traffic accidents and fall from height, where fractures result from direct axial compression, usually with a valgus (more common) or varus moment and indirect shear forces.Methods: This is a prospective study and includes operations by MIPPO technique that were undertaken between January 2020 till June 2021 in RNT government hospital; Udaipur. The total number of cases studied were 25 with the youngest being 25 years old and oldest 70 years old. Intraoperative complications were noted. Functional outcome was assessed using Modified Rasmussen’s Criteria.Results: Patients with fracture in our study occurred between the age of 25 to 70 years with maximum incidence involving the productive age group of 21-30 years (90%). Majority of the patients was males- 90%.Conclusions: From the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis of proximal tibial fracture there is an increase in the complexity of proximal tibial fractures with increasing road traffic accident. As most of the patients sustained these fractures belong to physically highly active and productive age group, they need optimal treatment to get back to their previous work capacity and avoid long term complications like osteoarthritis. We treated all fractures in our study with MIPPO technique and found rapid healing by secondary fracture union and hence achieving strong bone union across the fracture site due to inherent benefits of less tissue damage and minimal disturbance of fracture site biology. We operated 20 proximal tibial fractures with MIPPO technique and observed rapid healing and good functional recovery

Cathodoluminescence Studies of Nanoindented CdZnTe Single Crystal Substrates for Analysis of Residual Stresses and Deformation Behaviour

Nanoindentation-induced residual stresses were analysed on (111) Te face CdZnTe single-crystal substrates in this study. CdZnTe substrates were subjected to nanoindentation using cube corner indenter geometry with a peak load of 10 mN. Loading rates of 1 mN/s and 5 mN/s were used in the experiments, with a holding time of 10 s at peak load. Residual stresses on the indented region were analysed from load-displacement curves and explained using dislocation generation and elastic recovery mechanisms. Residual stresses were found to be of compressive type, just on the indented surface. The slip lines along the slip directions of this material were clearly visible in the FE-SEM images of the indents. Indents and surrounding surfaces were characterized using the Cathodoluminescence (CL) technique. CL mapping of the indented surface revealed the dislocation generation and their propagation behaviour just beneath the indenter as well as in the surrounding surfaces. The dislocations act as non-radiative recombination centres and quench the CL intensity locally. Dark lines were explained as the presence of dislocations in the material. CL mapping analysis shows that both the rosette glide and tetrahedral glide of dislocations are the primary deformation mechanisms present in CdZnTe. A rosette structure was observed in the CL mapping. CL spectra at 300 K of un-deformed CdZnTe show a peak at 810 nm wavelength, which corresponds to near-band-edge emission. After indentation, the CL spectra show the peak intensity at 814 nm and 823 nm wavelengths at the edge of the indents created with a loading rate of 1 mN/s and 5 mN/s, respectively. These peak shifts from 810 nm were attributed to the tensile residual stresses present in the indented material

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(6-chlorobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstituted methylene) hydrazine derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstitutedmethylene)hydrazine derivatives (7a-7e)have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3 and 5) have been also done, 6-Chloro-2-amine-1,3-benzothiazole (3), 2-hydrazino-6-chloro-1, 3-benzothiazole (5) and final product (7a-7e), 1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(diphenylmethylene) hydrazine (7a), 1-(6-chlorobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(propan-2-ylidene) hydrazine (7b), (E)-2-(butan-2-ylidene)-1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine (7c), (Z)-1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethylene) hydrazine (7d), 2-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-(7,7- dimethylbicyclo [2,2,1] heptan-2-ylidene)hydrazine (7e). Spectral analysis of all intermediates and final products has been done by IR and NMR. After spectral analysis, antibacterial activity has been screened against S. aurius and E. coli bacterias

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(6-bromobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstituted methylene) hydrazine derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstitutedmethylene)hydrazine derivatives (7a-7e)have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3 and 5) have been also done, 6-bromo-1,3-benzothiazole-2-amine (3), 2-hydrazino-6-bromo-1, 3-benzothiazole (5) and final product (7a-7e), 1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(diphenylmethylene) hydrazine (7a), 1-(6-bromobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(propan-2-ylidene) hydrazine (7b), (E)-2-(butan-2-ylidene)-1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine (7c), (Z)-1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethylene) hydrazine (7d), 2-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-(7,7- dimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-ylidene)hydrazine (7e). Spectral analysis of all intermediates and final products has been done by IR and NMR. After spectral analysis, antibacterial activity has been screened against S. aurius and E. coli bacterias

Land Use/Land Cover Change and Environmental Impact Analysis of Ramgarh-Naudiha Region in Uttar Pradesh, India through Geospatial Technology

Rapidly changing LULC scenario with growing population is of great concern in the modern world. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in LULC pattern in Ramgarh-Naudiha region of Sonbhadra district, UP, over 20 years during 1998-2018 using datasets from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) satellites. LULC map for the chosen period has been generated by unsupervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm. Results indicate that the study area is vulnerable to such LULC changes due to its sensitive geographic location. It is found that the major changes did happen in agriculture, forest, wasteland and water bodies. Agriculture and Forest areas have decreased by similar to 2 and 6.56% respectively in the study period. The wastelands had increased fast from 5.08% in 1998 to 18.87% in 2018 at the cost of the forest cover and agricultural land respectively. In 1998, water bodies were 7.49%, whereas, it has decreased to 2.04% in 2018. On the contrary, urban fringe area has grown from 0.33% in 1998 to 0.49% in 2018 especially due to population growth. The present study concludes that this LULC analysis will increase awareness and help in taking necessary action in appropriate land use planning and management

NON-AQUEOUS PARENTERAL PREPARATION OF AN ANTICANCER AGENT -A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Cancer is second leading cause of death worldwide after heart diseases. The three proven methods of treating cancer are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells, control their growth, or relieve pain symptoms, it is systemic; it works throughout the body, so the metastatic tumors can also be treated. Antimitotic drugs show a wide spectrum of activity against various cancers. This article comprises reviews of formulation of an antimitotic drug of plant alkaloids which is approved for treating human malignancies mainly breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer by inhibiting microtubules, a cell protein helpful in cell division this causes the death of cancer cells or apoptosis. Being non polar the drug causes irritation to gastrointestinal tract when given orally, hence parenteral formulation is suitable for administering the drug substance systemically. The drug is also very sensitive to heat and moisture, so as to avoid the drug degradation by moisture it is formulated as non-aqueous formulation utilizing water free solvents. The lipophilic nature makes it difficult to formulate in any formulation. Hence different pharmaceutical methodologies are applied to make the drug suitable for administration. As the drug substance is highly toxic it is given as iv infusion to reduce the toxicity (by diluting the drug), to overcome dehydration, to build up depleted blood volumes and to serve as an aid for the administration of medication

Intra and extraarticular localized pigmented villonodular synovitis

A 28 year old woman had a history of knee trauma and presented with unilateral knee acute swelling and pain symptoms with sudden onset, which was there from last 2 years. She had been treated for seronegative rheumatoid patient for 1 year. Recent expansion of the LPVNS (localized pigmented villonodular synovitis) caused the development of a tender palpable soft tissue mass in the anterolateral aspect of the knee and acute reduced mobility. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the knee revealed the presence of only the soft tissue mass and mild degenerative changes. Open synovectomy was performed successfully to excise the mass. Intraoperatively, macroscopic features of the bright brown inflamed synovium suggested LPVNS, which was confirmed histopathologically. Postoperatively, the symptoms of limited mobility and pain were appreciably relieved. Recurrence was not observed during the clinical follow up at 1, 6 or 18 months after surgery. Here, we reported the unique case of localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee in a misdiagnosed patient with intra and extraarticular lesion, which might be attributed to the history of knee trauma and the focal defect of the lateral patellar retinaculum. Open synovectomy effectively relieved the symptoms of limited mobility and pain and no recurrence was observed prior to 18 months postoperatively. To reduce misdiagnosis, MRI examinations are recommended for all patients suspected of having PVNS, including those who have a history of hyperuricemia

Biological Evaluation of Novel Synthesized 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (7a-7v) have been done previously. These novel synthesized derivatives (7a-7v) have been tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram +ve S. aureus and Gram -ve E. Coli bacterias by broth dilution method. A comparative study has been done for all derivatives.  Based on the visual turbidity, the  MIC of the evaluated molecules has been studied, the evaluation concentration was used single therefore, the exact MIC could not determined and results are represented in less than and more than based on growth of microorganism. To get more exact MIC of the tested molecules need to be evaluated at low concentration. Further testing for all compounds at lower concentrations is required to compare their activity with standard Streptomycin at its MIC to get exact MIC the synthesized compounds. Previously novel synthesized derivatives are; 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7a), 4-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline  (7b), 3-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) aniline (7c), 2-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7d), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7e), 2-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7f), 2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7g), 4-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7h), 3-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7i), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7j), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (7k), 2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7l), (Z)-2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7m), (S)-4-(2-(5-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propyl)phenol (7n), 2-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7o), 4-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7p), 3-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7q), 2-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7r), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7s), 2-(4-(methylthio) benzyl)-5-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7t), (Z)-2-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7u) and 5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (7v)

Synthesis of 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (7a-7u) have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3a-3c and 5a-5c) have been also done, ethyl-2-phenoxyacetate (3a), ethyl 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate (3b), ethyl 2-(4-nitrorophenoxy) acetate (3c), 2-phenoxyacetohydrazide (5a), 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) acetohydrazide (5b), 2-(4-nitrophenoxy)acetohydrazide (5c), and final product (7a-7u), 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7a), 4-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline  (7b), 3-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) aniline (7c), 2-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7d), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7e), 2-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7f), 2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7g), 4-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7h), 3-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7i), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7j), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (7k), 2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7l), (Z)-2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7m), (S)-4-(2-(5-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propyl)phenol (7n), 2-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7o), 4-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7p), 3-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7q), 2-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7r), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7s), 2-(4-(methylthio) benzyl)-5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7t), (Z)-2-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7u) and 5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (7v)