SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF SOME BENZENESULFONAMIDE BASED BIPYRAZOLES

Objectives: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial properties of some benzenesulfonamide based bipyrazole. Methods: The benzenesulfonamide based bipyrazole 1a-d & 2a-f have been synthesized by the reaction between 1-[1-aryl / (benzothiazol-2-yl)-5-hydroxy-3-methylpyrazol-4-yl]butane-1,3-diones 5 and 2-hydrazinobenzothiazoles or Aryl hydrazines 3. The structures of these compounds have been characterized from the rigorous analysis of their IR, 1H-NMR, HRMS and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for their anti-microbial activity. Results: The results revealed that compounds 1a, 2b and 2f exhibited good antibacterial activity and 1b, 1c, 2a, and 2d showed moderate antibacterial activity as compared with standard drug Ofloxacin. Conclusion: This study provides the simple method for the synthesis of new benzenzenesulfonamide based bipyrazoles which plays important role in numerous bioactive compounds

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF SOME NOVEL FLUORINE BASED 2-AMINOTHIAZOLES

Objectives: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial properties of some novel fluorine based 2-aminothiazoles. Methods: The syntheses of some novel fluorine based 2-aminothiazoles have been described by using hypervalent iodine [I(III)] mediated approach. It was observed that this is the more general and promising method for the synthesis of any thiazole, but, when other methods work, the hypervalent iodine [I(III)] mediated approach generally gives better yields. The structures of these compounds have been characterized from the rigorous analysis of their IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for their anti-microbial activity. Results: The results revealed that compounds 7d, 7f, 10a, 10b, 10c, 14e and 14f showed moderate to good antibacterial activity as compared with the standard drug Chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The two thiazole synthetic methods described herein use readily available reagents and both of them are easily feasible, the hypervalent iodine mediated approach for the synthesis of title compounds is more significant because, in spite of the better yields, it avoids the use of highly toxic and lachrymatory α-halogenoketone, thereby being more eco-friendlier

Possible Association between Expression of Chemokine Receptor-2 (CCR2) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients of North India

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We earlier reported elevated chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) in Indian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We now analysed chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), the receptor of CCL2, in these ALS patients. METHODS: Indian sporadic ALS patients (n=50) were included on the basis of El Escorial criteria. Percentage (%) of CCR2 expressing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated using Flow Cytometry. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to quantitate CCR2 mRNA expression in PBMCs. Normal controls (n = 40) were also included for comparison. RESULTS: Flow Cytometry revealed significantly reduced CCR2 expressing PBMCs in the ALS patients. We also found a significant decline in number of CCR2 expressing PBMCs in limb onset ALS when compared to bulbar onset ALS. PBMCs from ALS patients showed substantial down-regulation of CCR2 mRNA. CCR2 mRNA expression was found to be decreased among limb ALS patients as compared to bulbar onset ALS. Further, the count of CCR2+ PBMCs and CCR2 mRNA transcript in PBMCs was significantly lower in severe and moderate ALS as compared to ALS patients with mild impairments. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of PBMCs CCR2 may indicate its etio-pathological relevance in ALS pathogenesis. Reduced PBMCs CCR2 may result in decreased infiltration of leukocytes at the site of degeneration as a compensatory response to ALS. CCR2 levels measurements in hematopoietic stem cells and estimation of comparative PBMCs count among ALS, disease controls and normal controls can unveil its direct neuroprotective role. However, the conclusions are restricted by the absence of neurological/non-neurological disease controls in the study

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients

Correction to Gupta P K, Prabhakar S, Sharma S, Anand A. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Journal of Neuroinflammation 8:47

Burden of acute infections (except respiratory and diarrheal) and its risk factors among under-five children in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Context: Acute infections of eyes, ears, skin, and others are a common cause of morbidity in under-five children. The overall burdenof other infections and their risk factors is not known. Evidence Acquisition: Available literature was searched comprehensivelyusing PubMed for acute infections (except acute respiratory and diarrheal diseases) using the relevant medical subject heading terms.Extracted articles were independently reviewed against inclusion/exclusion criteria and rated for quality. 10 articles were abstractedand reviewed to identify the reported prevalence and risk factors for acute infections among children. Results: The pooled prevalenceof infections (not including acute respiratory and diarrhea) between 2002 and 2013 was 18.42 (95% confidence interval: 9.30-30.62),with reported range of 3.7-50.8%. The significantly positively associated factors reported in single studies were young age of the child,malnutrition, poor breastfeeding, low socio-economic status, animal rearing near household and mothers’ illiteracy for independentmorbidities. Conclusion: The evidence on risk factors including breastfeeding, vaccination, age, and sex that predispose under-fiveIndian children to different infections is inconclusive. There is a need to conduct more studies on acute infections other than acuterespiratory and diarrhea, to establish their determinants in Indian children

Prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea morbidity among under-five children in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Acute diarrhea accounts for a huge burden of infectious diseases in under-five children. Objective: This systematicreview was carried out to study the prevalence and associated risk factors of diarrhea among Indian children aged <5 years.Methods: Papers were identified by a comprehensive electronic search of relevant medical subject heading (MeSH) terms inPubMed. Identified articles were independently reviewed against inclusion/exclusion criteria and rated for quality. 15 articles wereabstracted and reviewed to identify the reported prevalence and risk factors for childhood diarrhea. Meta-analysis was done forcalculating the pooled prevalence of diarrhea and point estimates of risk factors using random effects model with use of appropriatepopulation weights, and depicted using forest plot. Results: The overall prevalence of diarrhea between 2002 and 2013 was 21.70%(95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.24-34.46). The significantly associated risk factors were malnutrition (odds ratio [OR]: 1.73,95% CI: 1.53-1.96) and anemia (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.29-2.28) in child, and low socioeconomic status (OR: 7.14, 95% CI: 2.19-23.32). Age of the child <24 months, not breastfeeding, mothers’ low literacy status and untreated drinking water did not showa significant association. Sex of the child, religion, higher education of mothers, and seasonality were found to be inconsistentlyassociated in single studies. Conclusion: It was concluded that there is sufficient evidence on the association of childhood diarrheawith socio-demographic factors, but evidence on other contributory factors including breastfeeding and vaccination is inconclusive.There is need to conduct more analytical studies on lesser known risk factors of diarrhea to establish their risk factors in Indianchildren

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and chemokine ligand (CCL2) genes are upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Indian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We have earlier shown that protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) were elevated in Indian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Here, we report the mRNA levels of VEGF-A and CCL2 in Indian ALS patients since they display extended survival after disease onset.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>VEGF-A and CCL2 mRNA levels were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 50 sporadic Indian ALS patients using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and compared with normal controls (n = 50). Their levels were adjusted for possible confounders like cigarette smoking, alcohol and meat consumption.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>VEGF-A and CCL2 mRNA levels were found to be significantly elevated in PBMCs in ALS patients as compared to controls. PBMCs from definite ALS revealed higher VEGF-A mRNA expression as compared to probable and possible ALS. CCL2 mRNA levels were found to be unaltered when definite, probable and possible ALS were compared. PBMCs from patients with respiratory dysfunction showed much higher VEGF-A and CCL2 elevation when compared to patients without respiratory dysfunction. No association of smoking, alcohol and meat consumption with VEGF-A and CCL2 was observed after analyzing the data with univariate and multivariate analysis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>VEGF-A and CCL2 mRNA upregulation in PBMCs may have a clinico-pathological/etiological/epidemiological association with ALS pathogenesis. The cross-cultural and cross-ethnic investigations of these molecules could determine if they have any role in enhancing the mean survival time unique to Indian ALS patients.</p

Occurrence of various ingredients in the lake environments at Stornes Peninsula, Ingrid Christenson Coast, East Antarctica

The Larsemann Hills is an ice-free area of approximately 50 km2, located halfway between the Vestfold Hills and the Amery Ice Shelf on the south-eastern coast of Prydz Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica (69o30’S, 76o19’58”E). The area consists of two major peninsulas Stornes and Broknes, four minor peninsulas, and approximately 130 near shore islands. There are more than 150 lakes on different peninsulas and islands.Surface water samples were collected from two lakes on Stornes Peninsula during 30th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) in mid-January 2011 and analysed for the physico-chemical parameters, major elements and trace metals. Lake waters were slightly acid, free from any colour, odour and turbidity, with dissolved oxygen close to saturation. Total dissolved solids were rather similar in both lakes, up to 71 mg/l and the dominant elements were Cl and Ca. Several minor and trace elements were very low or under detection limits. Total organic carbon was ca 0.7 mg C/l in both lakes and PO4 was at 0.002 mg/level in one lake. Several pesticide residues were all under detection limits as well as alpha and beta radiation activities. Total bacterial count was 1.6×103cfu/ml in lake ST-2 and lower in other lake while psychrophilic bacterial count was 1.6×102cfu in the former lake. Also a Pseudomonas spp. was detected in the ST-2 lake sample