Congestion Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using modified acknowledgement with secure channel

The mobile ad hoc network is self-configuring and dynamic in nature. Due to its dynamic topology node can join or leave any time and each node behaves as router or host which can deliver the packets from source to destination. Due to the heavy traffic load over network congestion occur. To avoid the congestion on network various congestion control mechanism has been developed but in this we use modified-ACK based scheme for node authentication in AODV protocol. The simulation of our proposed work is done on network simulator NS-2.34 and comparative analysis of our proposed methodology is done using performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-end delay average jitter and routing load.   Keywords MANET, Congestion Control, AODV, ACK, PDR, Network Simulato

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Amphiphilic Core-Corona Hyperbranched Polymer, composed of EHMO and EHMOpeg, for drug delivery.

A novel amphiphilic core-corona hyperbranched polymer, composed of 3-ethyl-3-(hydroxylmethyl) oxetane (EHMO) and PEGylated EHMO (EHMOPEG), was synthesized through cationic ring opening polymerization. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the polymer structure and degree of branching. It was found that the degree of branching (DOB) of the polymer was affected by the weight % ratios of EHMO/EHMOPEG used in polymerization. As the weight % ratio of EHMO/ EHMOPEG decreased, the DOB was observed to increase. Polymeric particles based on the synthesized polymer were prepared using the O/W (Oil in Water) solvent emulsion method and evaluated for drug delivery. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the size and shape of the particles. The obtained particles were found to be spherical in shape and have a narrow size distribution. Camptothecin (CPT) was used as the model drug for drug encapsulation and controlled release studies. The loading and encapsulation efficiencies of the particles ranged between 60% and 80%. Cytotoxicity studies carried out with human skin fibroblasts indicated that as the weight % ratio of the EHMO/ EHMOPEG decreased the biocompatibility of the polymer increased. In vitro drug release studies showed that the CPT could be released over an extended period of time. The efficacy of the drug released from the particles was demonstrated by the MTT assay on HN12 cells. The results showed that the cellular activity decreased as the amount of drug released from the particles increased over a span of 72 hours. The synthesized polymer represents a new family of hyperbranched macromolecule with potential for drug delivery

A novel cytostatic form of autophagy in sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer cells to radiation by vitamin D and vitamin D analogue, EB 1089.

The standard of care for unresectable lung cancer is chemoradiation. However, therapeutic options are limited and patients are rarely cured. While Radiation therapy is effective at killing tumor cells or inhibiting their growth initially, development of resistance to treatments and recurrence of tumors are major issues. One of the major goals of Dr. Gewirtz’s laboratory has been to develop strategies to overcome the resistance and attenuate disease recurrence. One of these attempts involve employing vitamin D and its analogs in combination with radiation therapy. Our proposed studies were based on a previous finding where vitamin D and vitamin D analogs such as EB 1089, were shown to enhance the response to radiation in breast cancer through the promotion of autophagy. We extended these studies to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and were able to validate that 1,25-D3 (the hormonally active form of vitamin D) and EB 1089 does in fact sensitize A549 and H460 cells and prolonged the growth arrest induced by radiation alone and suppressed proliferative recovery, which translated to a significant reduction in clonogenic survival. In H838 or H358 NSCLC cells, which lack the vitamin D receptor or functional p53, respectively, 1,25-D3 failed to modify the extent of radiation-induced growth arrest or suppress proliferative recovery post irradiation. Sensitization to radiation in H1299 NSCLC cells was evident only when p53 was induced in otherwise p53 null H1299 NSCLC cells. Sensitization by 1,25-D3/ EB 1089 was not associated with increased DNA damage, decreased DNA repair or an increase in apoptosis, necrosis or senescence. Instead sensitization appeared to be a consequence of the conversion of the cytoprotective autophagy induced by radiation alone to a novel cytostatic form of autophagy by the combination of 1,25-D3 or EB 1089 with radiation. While both pharmacological and genetic suppression of autophagy or inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation sensitized the NSCLC cells to radiation alone, inhibition of the cytostatic autophagy induced by the combination treatment reversed sensitization. Evidence for selectivity was provided by lack of radiosensitization in normal human bronchial cells and cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these studies have identified a unique cytostatic function of autophagy that appears to be mediated by the vitamin D receptor, p53 and possibly AMPK in the promotion of an enhanced response to radiation by 1,25-D3 and EB 1089 in NSCLC

Neurofibromatosis in pregnancy: study of 2 cases

The report presents two cases of neurofibromatosis (NF) and illustrates how women with NF have increased complications associated with pregnancy. With these case reports, we wanted to describe the diagnostic possibilities, management of pregnancies and dilemmas in everyday clinical practice of a gynaecologist

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties, Available Nutrients of Soil and their Correlation with Incidence of Telya Disease of Pomegranate at Northern Nasik, Maharashtra

Maharashtra government reported 10,000 crore production loss of Pomegranate every year, due to the incidence of Telya disease. The present study was aimed to analyse the physical, chemical properties, and available micro-macronutrients in the soil of pomegranate orchards infected with Telya disease. Estimation of incidence and severity of disease was done on fifty selected orchards from different villages that were MangiTungi, Daswel, Dasane, Mulher, and Sompur. Results revealed that minimum incidence (58.66%) and severity (59.89%) were recorded in Sompur village whereas maximum incidence (74.40%) and severity (68.70%) were recorded in Daswel and MangiTungi village respectively. The pH (7.5-7.9) and free lime concentration 7.4-9.4%) were exceptionally very high for all test and control samples. Deficiency of essential macronutrients N (<150-250 Kg/ha) and K (<125-200 Kg/ha) was recorded in all test samples along with additional deficiency of Zn micronutrient (<1.0-2.0 ppm). In the case of mock orchards, all the parameters were in accordance with reference values.Statistical analysis of data declared that there was a significant difference among parameters of tested groups (P>0.05) while for control fields there were no significant differences (P<0.05). Further, a positive correlation between macro-micronutrients (Na, Ca, N, P, K, Mn) and incidence of disease was recorded which concludes that an imbalance in nutrients promotes growth of pathogens and increases susceptibility of plants to pathogenic attack. Further, balancing nutrients through fertilisers or foliar spray could be an effective strategy for an integrated pest management system

Design and Analysis of Double layer Microstrip patch antenna

Volume 2 Issue 1 (January 2014

Evaluating XGBoost for Balanced and Imbalanced Data: Application to Fraud Detection

This paper evaluates XGboost's performance given different dataset sizes and class distributions, from perfectly balanced to highly imbalanced. XGBoost has been selected for evaluation, as it stands out in several benchmarks due to its detection performance and speed. After introducing the problem of fraud detection, the paper reviews evaluation metrics for detection systems or binary classifiers, and illustrates with examples how different metrics work for balanced and imbalanced datasets. Then, it examines the principles of XGBoost. It proposes a pipeline for data preparation and compares a Vanilla XGBoost against a random search-tuned XGBoost. Random search fine-tuning provides consistent improvement for large datasets of 100 thousand samples, not so for medium and small datasets of 10 and 1 thousand samples, respectively. Besides, as expected, XGBoost recognition performance improves as more data is available, and deteriorates detection performance as the datasets become more imbalanced. Tests on distributions with 50, 45, 25, and 5 percent positive samples show that the largest drop in detection performance occurs for the distribution with only 5 percent positive samples. Sampling to balance the training set does not provide consistent improvement. Therefore, future work will include a systematic study of different techniques to deal with data imbalance and evaluating other approaches, including graphs, autoencoders, and generative adversarial methods, to deal with the lack of labels.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, Presented at NVIDIA GTC, The Conference for the Era of AI and the Metaverse, March 23, 2023. [S51129

Autophagy and radiosensitization in cancer

Autophagy is a natural self-degradative process by which cells eliminate misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy has been shown to have multiple functions in tumor cells that may be dependent on the tumor type and the treatment conditions. Autophagy can have a cytoprotective role and be thought of as a survival mechanism or be cytotoxic in nature and mediate cell death. Radiation, one of the primary treatments for many different types of cancer, almost uniformly promotes autophagy in tumor cells. While autophagy produced in response to radiation is often considered to be cytoprotective, radiation-induced autophagy has also been shown to mediate susceptibility to radiation. This review addresses the complexity of autophagy in response to radiation treatment in three different cancer models, specifically lung cancer, breast cancer and glioblastoma. A deeper understanding of the different roles played by autophagy in response to radiation should facilitate the development of approaches for enhancing the therapeutic utility of radiation by providing strategies for combination treatment with unique radiosensitizers as well as preventing the initiation of strategies which are likely to attenuate the effectiveness of radiation therapy

Sources, Fate, and Impact of Microplastics in Aquatic Environment

Over the past decade, enhanced scientific interest has produced an expanding knowledge base for microplastics. The highest abundance of microplastics is typically associated with coastlines and oceans but the fate of these microplastics is elusive. Microplastics sink following fragmentation which is further ingested by marine biota thus imposes threat to them. Thus, the present review focuses on properties and sources of microplastics, its impact on environment, the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of microplastics and its impact on living biota. This study would be helpful for the development and implementation of risk management strategies for managing the disposal of microplastics