An RNA Sequencing Analysis of Glaucoma Genesis in Mice

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in people over the age of 60, accounting for 6.6 to 8% of all blindness in 2010, but there is still much to be learned about the genetic origins of the eye disease. With the modern development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, scientists are starting to learn more about the genetic origins of Glaucoma. This research uses differential expression (DE) and gene ontology (GO) analyses to study the genetic differences between mice with severe Glaucoma and multiple control groups. Optical nerve head (ONH) and retina data samples of genome-wide RNA expression from NCBI (NIH) are used for pairwise comparison experimentation. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and dispersion visualization methods are employed to perform quality control tests of the sequenced data. Genes with skewed gene counts are also identified, as they may be marker genes for a particular severity of Glaucoma. The gene ontologies found in this experiment support existing knowledge of Glaucoma genesis, providing confidence that the results were valid. Future researchers can thoroughly study the gene lists generated by the DE and GO analyses to find potential activator or protector genes for Glaucoma in mice to develop drug treatments or gene therapies to slow or stop the progression of the disease. The overall goal is that in the future, such treatments can be made for humans as well to improve the quality of life for human patients with Glaucoma and reduce Glaucoma blindness rates.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in tomato.

The ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation mechanism has gained the attention over the past decade. The E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes are the crucial part of ubiquitination mechanism and they are believed to hold imperative association for plant development. It accepts ubiquitin from the E1 enzyme and interacts with the E3 ligase to transfer ubiquitin or directly transfers ubiquitin to the substrate. The functional aspects of E2 ubiquitin enzymes in plant systems are unclear. Tomato is being used as a model plant and rarely explored to study E2 ubiquitin enzyme. We have utilized in-silico methods to analyze E2 enzymes in Solanum lycopersicum and 59 genes were identified with UBC family domains. The physio-chemical properties, chromosomal localization, structural organization, gene duplication, promoter analysis, gene ontology and conserved motifs were investigated along with phylogenetic analysis of tomato E2 genes exploring evolutionary relations. The gene expression analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed expression profile of tomato E2 genes in seedling, root, leaf, seed, fruit, and flower tissues. Our study aid in the understanding of distribution, expansion, evolutionary relation and probable participation in plant biological processes of tomato E2 enzymes that will facilitate strong base for future research on ubiquitin-mediated regulations in tomato and other plant systems

Genome-wide analysis of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in Solanum lycopersicum.

The E3 ubiquitin ligases have been known to intrigue many researchers to date, due to their heterogenicity and substrate mediation for ubiquitin transfer to the protein. HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) E3 ligases are spatially and temporally regulated for substrate specificity, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme interaction, and chain specificity during ubiquitylation. However, the role of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in plant development and stress responses was rarely explored. We have conducted an in-silico genome-wide analysis to identify and predict the structural and functional aspects of HECT E3 ligase members in tomato. Fourteen members of HECT E3 ligases were identified and analyzed for the physicochemical parameters, phylogenetic relations, structural organizations, tissue-specific gene expression patterns, and protein interaction networks. Our comprehensive analysis revealed the HECT domain conservation throughout the gene family, close evolutionary relationship with different plant species, and active involvement of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in tomato plant development and stress responses. We speculate an indispensable biological significance of the HECT gene family through extensive participation in several plant cellular and molecular pathways

Experimental generation and characterization of partially spatially coherent qubits

Partially spatially coherent qubits are more immune to turbulent atmospheric conditions than coherent qubits, which makes them excellent candidates for free-space quantum communication. In this article, we report the generation of partially spatially coherent qubits in a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process using a Gaussian Schell model (GSM) pump beam. For this non-linear process, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time, the transfer of spatial coherence features of the pump (classical) to the biphotons (quantum) field. Also, the spatial profiles of partially coherent qubits generated in type-I and type-II non-collinear SPDC process are experimentally observed and multi-mode nature of partially coherent photons (qubit) is ascertained. These investigations pave the way toward the efficient generation of partially spatially coherent qubits with a tunable degree of spatial coherence, which lead to wide range of applications in frontier areas such as quantum cryptography, teleportation, imaging, and lithography.Comment: 15 page

Branching rules and commuting probabilities for Triangular and Unitriangular matrices

This paper concerns the enumeration of simultaneous conjugacy classes of $k$-tuples of commuting matrices in the upper triangular group $GT_n(\mathbf F_q)$ and unitriangular group $UT_m(\mathbf F_q)$ over the finite field $\mathbf F_q$ of odd characteristic. This is done for $n=2,3,4$ and $m=3,4,5$, by computing the branching rules. Further, using the branching matrix thus computed, we explicitly get the commuting probabilities $cp_k$ for $k\leq 5$ in each case

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF VIRECHANA THERAPY IN AMAVATA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Amavata is a disease of chronic joint and body pain, accompanied by a swelling of some or all of the synovial joints. These symptoms are typically accompanied by stiffness of joints, loss of appetite, indigestion, lack of enthusiasm, feeling of heaviness and fever. Among Shodhna therapy described in Ayurveda, Virechana is mostly used in the disorders originated from vitiated Pitta. Along with this, it is also useful in the disorders in which Pitta is associated with Vata or Kapha dosha. It has direct effect on the Agni Adhishthan and also works on Kapha and Vata Adhishsthan. Thus, it rectify not only Pitta but Vata and Kapha Dosha also.A clinical study of 20 registered cases of Amavata revealed that Virechana karma is a very effective treatment of Amavata. This study proved the significance of Virecana karma on classical symptom of Amavata i.e., Angamarda, Aruchi, Trishna, Jwara, Shoth, etc. It reflects that Virechana karma is a potent Shroto-vishodhna, a good anti-inflammatory and pain relieving in patients of R.A.Statistically significant results were found in Morning stiffness (83.02%, P<0.001), Swelling (81.67% , P<0.001), Trishna (56%, P<0.001), Aruchi (80.00%, P<0.001), Gaurava (85.37% P<0.001) and Apaka (81.39%). This study reveals that Virechana therapy is a very effective Panchakarma procedure with potent Sroto Shodhana effect to produce good anti- inflammatory and pain reducing feature in patients of R.A

Purple urine bag syndrome- changing hue!

Purple Urine Bag Syndrome (PUBS) is a unique disease entity characterised by purple discoloration of urine secondary to recurrent urinary tract infections with indigo and indirubin producing bacteria and is predominantly seen in constipated, chronically debilitated and catheterised women with alkaline urine. This syndrome indicates underlying recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with higher incidence of mortality and morbidity than urinary tract infection alone without this occurrence. This article is about an elderly hypothyroid woman with PUBS and reviews the need to be aware of this entity