Protective effects of vitamin C and chitosan on blood biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to paraquat

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin C and chitosan on blood biochemical parameters of common carp which are exposed to paraquat. Fish were fed enriched diet with chitosan (1000 mg Kg-1 feed), Vitamin C (1000 mg Kg-1 feed) and vitamin C combined with chitosan and were simultaneously exposed to 0.02 mg L-1 paraquat for 21 days. The results of this study showed that paraquat significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and significantly increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine levels as compared with control group (p0.05). Although administration of vitamin C or chitosan (alone) prevented changes in certain blood biochemical parameters in fish exposed to paraquat, the results showed that antioxidant properties of vitamin C are more than chitosan. However, administration of vitamin C and chitosan complex may prevent oxidative stress and inhibit changes in blood biochemical parameters in fish exposed to paraquat

THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN C AND CHITOSAN AGAINST PARAQUAT-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MUSCLES OF COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio

Svrha ovog istraživanja je ispitati učinak antioksidansa, uključujući vitamin C, kitozan ili kombinaciju obaju, na oksidativni stres markera u mišićima, kao jestivog tkiva riba, izloženih parakvatu. Ribe izložene 0,02 mg/L parakvata tijekom 21 dana hranjene su različitim tipovima prehrane: normalnom prehranom, hranom koja sadrži kitozan (1000 mg/kg po obroku), vitaminom C (1000 mg/kg po obroku) ili vitaminom C i kitozanom. Markeri oksidativnog stresa mjereni su u mišićima, a uključivali su aktivnost katalaze, ukupne antioksidanse i malondialdehide (MDA), kao i biokemijske parametre, uključujući aktivnost aspartat aminotransferaze (AST), alanin aminotransferaze (ALT), kreatin fosfokinaze (CPK), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) i acetilkolinesteraze (AChE). Izlaganje riba parakvatu značajno povećava aktivnost LDH, CPK, katalaze i MDA, dok se značajno smanjuje AST, ALT i aktivnost AChE te ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet u mišićima. Davanje vitamina C u kombinaciji s kitozanom ribama izloženim parakvatu pokazalo se učinkovito u reguliranju AChE-a, AST-a, ALT-a, LDH-a, CPK-a i aktivnosti katalaze. Značajno povećanje ukupnog antioksidativnog statusa i značajan pad razine MDA uočeni su kod riba koje se hrane kompleksom kitozan-vitamin C. Kao zaključak izražavamo mišljenje da kombinirani dodatak vitamina C i kitozana može poboljšati sustav detoksikacije u mišićima ribe i štititi šarana od parakvatne toksičnosti.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of antioxidants, including vitamin C, chitosan or a combination of both, on oxidative stress markers in muscles, as edible tissues of fish, exposed to paraquat. Fish exposed to 0.02 mg/L paraquat for 21 days were fed different diets: a normal diet, a diet containing chitosan (1000 mg/kg diet), a diet with vitamin C (1000 mg/kg diet) or both vitamin C and chitosan. Oxidative stress markers, including the activity of catalase, total antioxidant and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as biochemical parameters including the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in muscles. Fish exposure to paraquat increased LDH, CPK, catalase and MDA activity significantly, while it significantly decreased AST, ALT and AChE activity and total antioxidant capacity in muscles. Administration of vitamin C, combined with chitosan, to fish exposed to paraquat was effective in regulating AChE, AST, ALT, LDH, CPK and catalase activity. A significant increase in the total antioxidant status and a significant decrease in MDA levels were observed in fish fed chitosan-vitamin C complex. In conclusion, it is suggested that combined supplementation with vitamin C and chitosan may improve the detoxification system in the muscles of fish and protect common carp from paraquat toxicity

The Protective Role of Vitamin C and Chitosan Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress in Muscles of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of antioxidants, including vitamin C, chitosan or a combination of both, on oxidative stress markers in muscles, as edible tissues of fish, exposed to paraquat. Fish exposed to 0.02 mg/L paraquat for 21 days were fed different diets: a normal diet, a diet containing chitosan (1000 mg/kg diet), a diet with vitamin C (1000 mg/kg diet) or both vitamin C and chitosan. Oxidative stress markers, including the activity of catalase, total antioxidant and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as biochemical parameters including the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in muscles. Fish exposure to paraquat increased LDH, CPK, catalase and MDA activity significantly, while it significantly decreased AST, ALT and AChE activity and total antioxidant capacity in muscles. Administration of vitamin C, combined with chitosan, to fish exposed to paraquat was effective in regulating AChE, AST, ALT, LDH, CPK and catalase activity. A significant increase in the total antioxidant status and a significant decrease in MDA levels were observed in fish fed chitosan-vitamin C complex. In conclusion, it is suggested that combined supplementation with vitamin C and chitosan may improve the detoxification system in the muscles of fish and protect common carp from paraquat toxicity

Vitamin C and Chitosan Alleviate Toxic Effects of Paraquat on Some Biochemical Parameters in Hepatocytes of Common Carp

Background: Paraquat is nonselective bipyridyl herbicide that induces hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress. Vitamin C and chitosan have antioxidant as well as radical scavenger properties and show protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, hepatoprotective effects of chitosan and vitamin C were evaluated in common carp exposed to paraquat. Methods: While exposed to 0.02 mg. L-1paraquat for 21 days, common carp were fed chitosan (1000 mg. kg 1 feed), vitamin C (1000 mg. kg-1 feed), and vitamin C combined with chitosan. At the end of the experiment, activities of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Results: Paraquat induces changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue of fish. However, these enzymes were restored to normal levels in fish fed with vitamin C and vitamin C combined with chitosan following exposure to paraquat. Increased levels of malondialdehyde were observed in liver after exposure to paraquat, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities and the total antioxidant levels decreased. Administration of vitamin C combined with chitosan significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased the total antioxidant capacity, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities. Conclusion: Administration of vitamin C is effective in reducing liver toxicity of paraquat. However, administrating both vitamin C and chitosan is more effective. In other words, chitosan and vitamin C have a synergic effect. They could be used as hepatoprotective agents against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in fish