Demulsifiers for Simulated Basrah Crude Oil

Water in oil emulsion occurs at many stages in the production and treatment ofcrude oil. In the present work three demulsifiers were used (RP6000, Chimec2439 andPAA) for dehydration (desalting) of Al-Basrah water in oil emulsion. Theexperimental work was performed under constant temperature 65oC and water content30%vol. (3%wt.NaCl). The parameters studied: demulsifier dose (10, 20, 30,40,50,60,70 and 80) ppm, separation time (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120) min and typesof demulsifiers (RP6000 Chimec2439 and PAA). The dehydration efficiency withprepared demulsifier (PAA) was (75%). Two types of commercial demulifiers werealso used (RP6000 and Chimec2439), which gave water separation efficiency (87.5%and 72.2%), respectively. pH, Salt content, remains of water content and density wereestimated. The least density of the desalted crude obtained was (0.874 gm/cm3) at (80)ppm of RP6000

Optimizing the regeneration process parameters for forward osmosis to produce clean water at low temperature

One-fifth of the world will face sever water shortage by 2040 as climate change and a growing population pushes up demand. Recently, Qatar water resources are becoming strained and stressed as Qatar only gets seven inches of rain per year. Furthermore, World Resources Institute (WRI) ranked all the countries over the world according to the severity of water crisis and the Middle East was one of the worst regions. Nine countries were considered extremely susceptible and Qatar was ranked as a number 3, after Bahrain and Kuwait. While the country (Qatar) population is growing – as today, 2.5 million residents are forecast to multiply eightfold by 2050. Thermal processes produce more than 90% of desalinated water, where the desalination process is energy intensive, and affecting the environment. The scope of the present work is to develop a process to produce clean water at low operating conditions (temperature Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Upgrading of Basrah-Kirkuk Blend Crude Oil Through Mechanical-Acoustical Effect and (Labs) as Surfactant

Non-Convential method has been used in this study for upgrading mixture of Basrah- Kirkuk crude oil through mechanical - acoustical effect using hydrodynamical coaxial turbo machine type Rotary Pulsation Apparatus (RPA) implementing ultra-high reliability in shearing rotor-stator operation. The analysis of the crude oil after treatment in RPA showed that on increasing the rotation time from 5 to 10 min with rotor speed of 7610 rpm, leading to an increase in the total yield of light and intermediate petroleum cuts from 30 to 39 vol%, with an increase in API gravity from 29 to 40, reduce flash point from 75 to 54.C and reduce pour point from -10 to -32.C. The results also showed that, adding LABS surfactant leads to a further increase in API gravity to 45, reduced flash point to 50.C, reduced pour point to -36 .C and increased yield of light and intermediate fraction to 40 vol% within 10 min and 7610 rp

Determination of the concentrations of some ions in groundwater for drinking purposes in Jableh plain

  Groundwater is a reserve and strategic reservoir of stored fresh water، It is the most important source of drinking water in many countries of the world. Groundwater is exposed to many pollutants from a various sources. The most important of these sources are pollutants from agricultural and urban activities، which are now a global problem. The research aims to study  many  physical and chemical properties of groundwater in Jableh plain in Lattakia, by collecting samples of groundwater from the study area and measuring a number of physical and chemical parameters (temperature، turbidity، electrical conductivity ، pH ، fluoride، chloride، nitrates، nitrite and sulphates (.The results showed that temperature، conductivity، pH were within the allowed limits according to Syrian standards for drinking water. In contrast، the concentrations of some ions exceeded the allowed limits، such as nitrates,which it's concentration is  up to 177mg / l، Indicating that there are many factors cause contamination of these water sources with nitrate

Assessment of the environmental risk of some heavy metals in the groundwater of Jableh plain

  Presence of heavy metals in ground water used for drinking purpose is considered to be hazardous to human health. The aim of this study is to estimate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Iron) in the groundwater of Jableh plain - Lattakia. Groundwater samples were collected from eleven different sources from the Jableh plain area, and concentrations of these heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of cadmium in the water samples ranges from 0.056 to 1.022 µg/l, while lead concentrations were between 1.51 and 13.58 μg/l. The concentration of elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe) were within the allowed limits according to Syrian standards for drinking water, Lead concentration in one location1 was upper than allowed limits, Contamination Index (CI), Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) for each metal were calculated. The mean of Contamination Index (CI) value was 0.186 and the higher value was 0.481, which is classified as (not contaminated). The values of Hazard Index (HI) were <1 for all heavy metals in water samples which means no health risk up to now. But unfortunately, this risk is supposed to rise to unaccepted levels according to some studies which refers to the possibility increasing of toxic metals concentrations if the same human and agricultural activities continue in future

Phosphate Rock Treatment with Hydrochloric Acid for Increasing P2O5 Content

The present paper deals with the treatment of phosphate obtained from a commercial sample of Akashat phosphate ore in hydrochloric acid. The factors studied are effects of the temperature of dissolution, acid concentration, and the time required for mixing phases. The experiments were performed with 100 kg/m3 of solid/liquid ratio, the size of the particles ranged 125-140 μm, the initial acid concentrations were 20, 30 and 40 wt% HCl, and the temperature of dissolution was kept constant at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 oC. The results indicated that the percentage of P2O5 increases as the HCl concentration increased using different time and temperatures. Also, the results showed that the best conditions for P2O5 recovery process according were acid concentration 40%, reaction time of 90 min, and temperature 30 oC

MODELING A PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM SIMULATED WASTEWATERS BY ELECTRODEPOSITION ON STAINLESS STEEEL TUBES BUNDLE

Electrochemical processes can provide valuable contributions to the protection of the environment through implementation of effluent treatment and production-integrated processes for the minimization of waste and toxic compounds. The performance of a novel pilot scale, batch re-cycled, flow-through cell, with stainless steel tubes bundle cathode in the removal of cadmium was investigated utilizing the potential results obtained from a batch mode. The studied electrochemical reaction was the cathodic reduction of Cd+2 using 0.5 M sodium sulphate as supporting electrolyte. The analyzed parameters were different initial Cd+2 concentrations (50,100, 200, 300, 400 ppm) and different electrolyte flow-rates (100, 200, 250, 300, 350 L/hr), the tubes number was 920 of 0.6 cm diameters. The overall empirical mass transfer correlation was found to be: Sh = 0.051 Re 0.859 Sc1/3 For 5 < Re < 20 and Sc = 649 Experimental results, analysis and correlations showed good performance of the cell and proved its adequacy in the removal of Cd+2 from simulated effluents

Upregulation of interleukin-19 in severe asthma: a potential saliva biomarker for asthma severity

Interleukin (IL)-19, a designated IL-20 subfamily cytokine, has been implicated in inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and, lately, asthma. Here, through the analysis of transcriptomic datasets of lung tissue of large asthma cohorts, we report that IL-19 expression is upregulated in asthma and correlates with disease severity. The gene expression of IL-19 was significantly higher in lung tissue from patients with severe and mild/moderate asthma compared to healthy controls. IL-19 protein level, however, was significantly higher in the blood and saliva of patients with severe asthma compared to mild/ moderate subgroups as measured by ELISA assay. IL-19 protein level was not affected by corticosteroid treatment in plasma. Our data provide insights into the potential use of IL-19 as a saliva marker for asthma severity and a potential therapeutic target