Field in adaptive reuse : discussion of the existence of the field and its influence

In a building like a pavilion, the walls are abstracted into pillars, and this hollowed -out design aesthetically reflects the concept of negative space in Asian aesthetics. The creation of the field is not by the enclosure of wall, but through the radiation of the pavilion’s spirit to create a negative space with fuzzy boundaries. If the spirits which dwell in the pavilion cannot radiate outward but must be contained within, visitors will not see this buildings, but sculptures form. What is fascinating about architecture is that it can divide the space so that people enter and feel the effects of this division. In contrast to what I propose the completely enclosed space creates a break from human society to nature. Hegel wrote that, man is nature against nature itself . For any container, the empty part is for human use, but only if it is surrounded by the container. Such as in the adaptive renovation of the building, the emptiness and desolation of the ruins, as well as the beauty brought by the huge volume represent the empty. The reintegration of the original architectural structure in nature reshapes the role of the physical field . The texture of a wall, the taste of wind, and the intensity of sunshine are all integrated elements that constitute the integrity of the field , and as such the connection with nature cannot be broken. The sense of space in adaptive reuse can be extended into a sense of time and rhythm. It is in the process of processing and shaping architectural space that people identify their emotions and ideals. The way we look at things, the way we behave, and the way we think all depend on the depth of the field in which we live. The depth of the field affects people to have different conceptions of an original object or architectural space and its value reflects our consideration and respect for the space in architecture

Deformation processes and rheology of the lithospheric mantle under Zealandia: a case study of samples from the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt and Otago ultramafic xenoliths, South Island, New Zealand

Peridotitic xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks around Otago and the Dun Mountain Ophiolite in the South Island of New Zealand offer a window into the lithospheric mantle beneath the Zealandia continent. We selected peridotites from the Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain Ophiolite, and mantle xenoliths from East and West Otago areas to reconstruct their microstructural evolution. Oriented sample “pairs” of harzburgite and dunite from a small area (1 km2) are of the Red Hills Massif (Ellis Stream Complex) contain five of the six most common types of olivine crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO; A, C-E and AG except B-type). In each pair, the dunite has a larger grain size and a stronger CPO than the harzburgite. The CPO type in the dunite is different to that in the harzburgite in each pair. Across the area there is an increase in CPO strength from east to west. The secondary dominant orthopyroxene in harzburgite inhibits both olivine grain size coarsening and CPO development. Similarly spinel content in dunite corresponds to local variations in grain size and CPO. Variations across the area relate to a gradient in strain and/or deformation kinematics. Mantle xenoliths from both East and West Otago areas have no clear foliation and lineation to use as a CPO reference frame. We use the most typical orthopyroxene (100) [001] CPO as a reference frame. Each of the CPOs is rotated so that orthopyroxene (100) is oriented as foliation and [001] as lineation. This enables better inter-comparison of CPOs among xenoliths. East Otago samples have coarse average olivine grain size (565-800 μm). Olivine CPOs have concentrated [100]OL and [010]OL, and the [100]OL is (sub)parallel to [001]OPX (i.e., coherent olivine and orthopyroxene CPOs). We infer that these CPOs are generated by dislocation creep at high temperature (~1000-1100 °C) and probably with melt present. The differential stresses calculated by using a subgrain piezometer are 3-6 MPa. Harzburgites have similar orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene CPOs while lherzolites do not, probably because clinopyroxene in harzburgite is generated by carbonate metasomatism from orthopyroxene and the new-generated clinopyroxene inherits the orthopyroxene CPO. Clinopyroxene lamellae in orthopyroxene are straight are not strongly deformed, suggesting that major deformation occurred before Cenozoic cooling prior to Alpine Fault initiation. The samples from West Otago are more complicated. Mantle xenoliths are divided into coarse-grained and protomylonitic harzburgites. In coarse-grained samples, CPO types change from a range of CPOs to dominant axial-[100] (maxima in [100], girdles in [010] and [001]) type, with grain size increasing. Olivine and orthopyroxene Mg# and spinel Cr# are higher and orthopyroxene Al2O3%) lower in coarser samples. Plotting olivine and orthopyroxene grain sizes on a Zener parameter figure is consistent with ~1000 ℃ recrystallisation temperature. Olivine and orthopyroxene CPOs are mostly incoherent, which might relate to melt percolation. Protomylonites have much finer grain size, generated by subgrain rotation (SGR) during dislocation creep. Four-grain junctions and weaker CPOs are used to infer operation of grain boundary sliding in the protomylonites. Olivine CPOs are all [010] clustered and mostly incoherent with orthopyroxene CPOs. The deformation temperature is around ~800 ℃, with estimated ~10-12 s-1 strain rates. Where samples contain remnant coarse grains the CPOs of coarse-grained and protomylonitic material do not align, suggesting that they developed in different episodes with different kinematics. The protomylonites are interpreted as the result of the Alpine Fault movement. Seismic parameters calculated from CPO data shows that individual coarse-grained samples from East Otago have higher seismic anisotropies than those from West Otago (at both ambient and in-situ conditions), due to higher olivine content. Protomylonitic samples have the lowest seismic anisotropies. The seismic properties of each sample suite are averaged to compare with present day geophysical measurements. As the olivine CPOs and orthopyroxene CPOs are coherent in East Otago the average properties do not depend on a choice of reference frame for samples. In contrast, West Otago xenoliths have incoherent CPOs and choice of reference frame for averaging makes a significant difference. The East Otago seismic data fit current geophysical data well. To fit well, West Otago data must use the orthopyroxene CPO reference frame. The seismic anisotropy data allow speculation about the large-scale mantle structures in the Lithosphere beneath Otago. To explain the seismic data, olivine [100] needs to be sub-horizontal and parallel to NNW-SSE fast polarization directions with [010] sub-horizontal and perpendicular to these directions. This is consistent with the East Otago lithospheric mantle containing a fossil vertical shear zone with NNW-SSE strike slip motion. The West Otago data is more complicated and requires a range of differently orientated deformation zones

Microstructural Relationship between Olivine and Clinopyroxene in Ultramafic Rocks from the Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain Ophiolite

The microstructural relationship between olivine and clinopyroxene is significant in recovering the mantle evolution under clinopyroxene-saturated melting conditions. This study focuses on olivine/clinopyroxene-related ultramafic rocks (dunite, wehrlite, olivine clinopyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite) in the Ells Stream Complex of the Red Hills Massif. (Olivine) clinopyroxenites have an A/D-type olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) whereas peridotites have various olivine CPO types. B-type olivine CPO was newly discovered, which may have been generated under hydrous conditions. The discovery of B-type CPO means that all six olivine CPO types could exist in a single research area. Clinopyroxene CPOs also vary and have weaker deformation characteristics (e.g., lower M index and weaker intracrystalline deformation) than olivine; thus, they probably melted and the clinopyroxene-rich ultramafic bands existed as melt veins. Irregular clinopyroxene shapes in the peridotites and incoherent olivine and clinopyroxene CPOs ([100]OL and [001]CPX are not parallel) also indicate a melted state. The dominant orthorhombic and LS-type CPOs in olivine and clinopyroxene imply that simple shear was the main deformation mechanism. Such complicated microstructural characteristics result from the overprinted simple shear under high temperatures (>1000 °C) and hydrous melting environments until the melt-frozen period. This case study is helpful to better understand the olivine and clinopyroxene relationship

Geochemical and EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) data test in University of Otago

Major and minor geochemistry information and measured EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction), accompanied with MTEX toolbox scripts example

EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) data of tonalitic migmatites

This data includes both rocks' EBSD data and scripts by MTEX & MSAT toolboxes

Alterations in gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines after administration of antibiotics in mice

ABSTRACT Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infection and reduce the mortality rate, while antibiotic overuse can cause gut microbiota dysbiosis. The impact of antibiotics on gut microbiota is not fully understood. In our study, four commonly used antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefoperazone-sulbactam, imipenem-cilastatin, and moxifloxacin) were given subcutaneously to mice, and their impacts on the gut microbiota composition and serum cytokine levels were evaluated through 16S rRNA analysis and a multiplex immunoassay. Antibiotic treatment markedly reduced gut microbiota diversity and changed gut microbiota composition. Antibiotic treatment significantly increased and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, respectively. The antibiotic treatments increased the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Enterococcus and decreased that of Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae. For moxifloxacin, the significantly high abundance of Enterococcus and Klebsiella was observed after 14 and 21 days of treatment. However, a relatively low abundance of opportunistic pathogens was found after 14 days of imipenem-cilastatin treatment. Additionally, the serum levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-12 (p70), and IL-17, significantly increased after 21 days of antibiotic treatments. Overall, these results provide a guide for rational use of antibiotics in clinical settings: short-term use of moxifloxacin is recommended with regard to gut microbiota health, and the 14-day use of imipenem-cilastatin may have a less severe impact than other antibiotics.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic treatments are directly associated with changes in gut microbiota and are effective against both pathogens and beneficial bacteria. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment could increase the risk of some diseases. Therefore, an adequate understanding of gut microbiota changes after antibiotic use is crucial. In this study, we investigated the effects of continuous treatment with antibiotics on gut microbiota, serum cytokines, and intestinal inflammatory response. Our results suggest that short-term use of moxifloxacin is recommended, and the 14-day use of imipenem-cilastatin may have a less severe effect on gut microbiota health than cefoperazone-sulbactam. These results provide useful guidance on the rational use of antibiotics with regard to gut microbiota health

Hierarchically Mesostructured Aluminum Current Collector for Enhancing the Performance of Supercapacitors

Aluminum (Al) current collector is one of the most important components of supercapacitors, and its performance has vital effects on the electrochemical performance and cyclic stability of supercapacitors. In the present work, a scalable and low-cost, yet highly efficient, picosecond laser processing method of Al current collectors was developed to improve the overall performance of supercapacitors. The laser treatment resulted in hierarchical micro–nanostructures on the surface of the commercial Al foil and reduced the surface oxygen content of the foil. The electrochemical performance of the Al foil with the micro–nanosurface structures was examined in the symmetrical activated carbon-based coin supercapacitors with an organic electrolyte. The results suggest that the laser-treated Al foil (laser-Al) increased the capacitance density of supercapacitors up to 110.1 F g^–1 and promoted the rate capability due to its low contact resistance with the carbonaceous electrode and high electrical conductivity derived from its larger specific surface areas and deoxidized surface. In addition, the capacitor with the laser-Al current collector exhibited high cyclic stability with 91.5% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles, 21.3% higher than that with pristine-Al current collector due to its stronger bonding with the carbonaceous electrode that prevented any delamination during aging. Our work has provided a new strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors

Hierarchically Mesostructured Aluminum Current Collector for Enhancing the Performance of Supercapacitors

Aluminum (Al) current collector is one of the most important components of supercapacitors, and its performance has vital effects on the electrochemical performance and cyclic stability of supercapacitors. In the present work, a scalable and low-cost, yet highly efficient, picosecond laser processing method of Al current collectors was developed to improve the overall performance of supercapacitors. The laser treatment resulted in hierarchical micro–nanostructures on the surface of the commercial Al foil and reduced the surface oxygen content of the foil. The electrochemical performance of the Al foil with the micro–nanosurface structures was examined in the symmetrical activated carbon-based coin supercapacitors with an organic electrolyte. The results suggest that the laser-treated Al foil (laser-Al) increased the capacitance density of supercapacitors up to 110.1 F g^–1 and promoted the rate capability due to its low contact resistance with the carbonaceous electrode and high electrical conductivity derived from its larger specific surface areas and deoxidized surface. In addition, the capacitor with the laser-Al current collector exhibited high cyclic stability with 91.5% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles, 21.3% higher than that with pristine-Al current collector due to its stronger bonding with the carbonaceous electrode that prevented any delamination during aging. Our work has provided a new strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors