Creative Design of a Device that not only Cleans the Teeth but also Anti-Germinates

In the past various methods have been found to clean the teeth but until recently not much importance has been given to the anti-germinating idea. After analyzing the causes of tooth decay the importance of anti-germinating has been found. Now there are various devices available to clean and anti-germinate the teeth but a system that combines both cleaning and anti-germinating has not been produced on a mass scale yet. In this report we first study the history and evolution of cleaning the teeth. Then the various devices and chemicals used today to clean the teeth are analyzed. This is followed by the project analysis. Some designs that could provide a solution for the problem are found. Out of this the best design is found out considering factors like effort required, cost, efficiency, time. The various possible subsystems of the device are listed. The morphological analysis is then done. The most efficient and cost effective combination of subsystems is selected .This is the solution for the problem. The specification and size of the parts of the device is also given

G6PD A- is the major cause of G6PD deficiency among the Siddis of Karnataka, India

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common human erythroenzymopathy affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. G6PD deficiency was reported in India more than 50 years ago and the prevalence rate varies from 5.7% to 27.9% in different caste and tribal groups. Aim: To study the prevalence of, and the mutations causing, G6PD deficiency among the Siddis of Karnataka. Subjects and methods: A total of 755 individuals were screened using the DPIP dye decolorisation method and the deficiency was further confirmed by quantitative assay. Molecular characterisation was performed by PCR-RFLP method and DNA sequencing. Biochemical characterisation was performed as per WHO criteria. Results: Of the 755 individuals, 71 individuals (9.4%) were found to be G6PD deficient with an enzyme activity ranging from 0.02 to 3.83 IU/gm Hb. Mutational analysis could be performed on 49 G6PD deficient individuals and 45 (91.8%) of them showed the presence of the G6PD A- variant while the remaining 4 (8.2%) had the G6PD Kerala-Kalyan mutation. Microsatellite analysis in G6PD A- individuals showed the presence of 166/195 bp, AC/CTT alleles. Conclusions: G6PD deficiencies among the Siddis are predominantly due to G6PD A- mutation. Furthermore, biochemical parameters and the microsatellite repeat markers in the Siddi A- chromosome confirmed they are African descendants with Indian admixture