Experimental Investigations on the Progressive Failure Characteristics of a Sandwiched Coal-Rock System Under Uniaxial Compression

Overlapped residual coal pillars, together with the surrounding rock strata, play a combined bearing role in ultra-close multiple seam mining. Global stability of the whole bearing system is significant for the mining design, construction, and operation. Laboratory uniaxial compressive experiments for different kinds of sandwiched coal-rock specimens are carried out to investigate the progressive failure characteristics and mechanisms. Results show that: (1) The mechanical behavior of the sandwiched coal-rock specimen is mainly divided into four stages during the failure process. The response of the electrical resistivity and the evolution of acoustic emission (AE) energy are in good agreement with the mechanical behaviors at different stages, which are a reflection of the global failure characteristics of sandwiched specimens. (2) The distribution of AE events and the development of local strain can provide further insight into the local failure characteristics of coal elements or rock elements in sandwiched specimens. AE events are more likely to be generated in coal elements, which can propagate across coal-rock interfaces and induce damage to rock elements in a certain area. Similarly, the unbalanced deformation characteristics of coal elements and rock elements are apparently revealed in the progressive failure process. (3) Progressive failure of a sandwiched coal-rock specimen is closely associated with the interactions between the coal elements and rock elements. Initial failure usually appears in the coal elements. At this process, the recovery of elastic deformation and the output of strain energy are observed in the rock elements, which can accelerate the rupture of coal elements. In turn, the dynamic fracture energy generated in the rupture process of coal elements can propagate into rock elements and induce damage to rock elements a certain area. (4) The experimental results are helpful for maintaining the long-term stability of a sandwiched coal-rock system in ultra-close multiple seam mining

Surface modification of nano-sized carbon black for reinforcement of rubber

The standard sample IRB7# of nano-sized carbon black was reated by different methods, including washing by alcohol, toluene, water, the emulsion of toluene and water, and heating. Surface activity of the obtained nanoparticles was measured using inverse gas chromatography. The results showed that the dispersion free energy could be significantly increased after heating. The surface activity of three kinds of industrial carbon black was studied after heat treatment at diff