Antimicrobial Resistance in <em>Escherichia coli</em>

The ability of microbes to resist or neutralize the action of drugs that have been used against microbes is considered as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR among different strains of Escherichia coli is considered as a major threat to public health. Drug-resistant in E. coli is found predominantly in the hospital sittings, in the community, and surrounding environment. It has adopted different defensive strategies to minimize the effects of drugs. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), fluoroquinolones, and carbapenemases have been considered as strong resistance strategies being present in most of resistant bacterial strains. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have the major contribution in the transfer of resistance genes in between or among bacterial cells. Plasmids are normally present in most of resistant strains, helping in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells. Transposons another MGEs, are being considered as one of the major sources of resistance transmission. Collectively, MGEs play an important role in facilitating in exchange, acquisition, and dissemination of resistance genes. Resistance in E. coli has been reported worldwide and there is variation in its resistance pattern. CTX-M ESBLs, carbapenems, colistin-resistant, and ST-131 E. coli resistant clones are considered the most dominant phenotypes. The aforesaid resistant variants are predominantly found in densely populated regions, Sub-Saharan Africa, China, and South Asian countries

Proteomic map of the differentially expressed proteins in the skin of Ctenopharyngodon idella against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

The skin mucus of fish is an important part of the innate immune system, which is poorly understood at the proteomic level. The study established a complete map of the proteins in the skin mucus of Ctenopharangdon idella (C. idella) and discussed the Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) after Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection. Using Label Free Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis, a total of 126 proteins were identified as differentially expressed, 89 proteins of which were upregulated, and 37 proteins were downregulated. Functional annotations of DEPs showed that the upregulated proteins in the skin mucus of the treated group were mostly associated with complement system and cytoskeleton proteins, whereas downregulated proteins were associated with metabolism. The key upregulated immune proteins were transferrin variant C, lysozyme g, annexin A11, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8, hypothetical protein ROHU_000884, 60S ribosomal L7a, calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like protein, calpain-9-like protein, complement component C9, complement C3, cathepsin S, cathepsin Z, 14 kDa apolipo, heat shock protein and intelectin, whereas, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, annexin A11, C-factor-like protein, biotinidase isoform X1 and epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like were the downregulated proteins. Moreover, we for the first-time report proteins such as coactosin, lamin-B2 and kelch 12, which were never reported in fish. Our study directly pointing out the possible immunological biomarkers in the skin mucus of C. idella after A. hydrophila treatment. Each of the protein we report in this study could be used as base to establish their mechanism of action during bacterial infection that may contribute to the strategies against bacterial prevention and control in fishes