TGF-β expression data.

<p>TGF-β expression levels were not significantly different in healthy controls, CD patients, and EE patients (Ctl mean±SD = 162.7±66.3 pg/mL, CD = 190.4±87.8 pg/mL, EE = 193.9±180.4 pg/mL, p-value = 0.793).</p

SMAD protein expression data from healthy controls, celiac disease, and environmental enteropathy.

<p>A) Representative western blot example investigating SMAD7; p-SMAD2,3 expression (using ERK1/2 as a normalizing protein) from controls (Ctl), celiac disease (CD), and environmental enteropathy (EE) patients. Note that for p-SMAD2,3, patients 3 and 4 have a double band that controls lacked. This band was likely an artifact and consequently was not considered in the densitometric analyses. B) Elevated SMAD7 densitometry levels in EE compared to controls (Ctl mean±SD = 0.47±0.20 a.u., EE = 1.13±0.25 a.u., p-value<0.05). Corresponds to WB5 (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006224#pntd.0006224.s006" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>). C) Elevated p-SMAD2,3 densitometry levels in EE compared to controls (Ctl mean±SD = 0.38±0.14 a.u., EE = 0.60±0.10 a.u., p-value<0.05). Corresponds to WB2 (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006224#pntd.0006224.s006" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>). D) Elevated p-SMAD2,3 densitometry levels in EE and CD compared to controls, with significant differences only between EE and controls (p-value<0.05) (Ctl mean±SD = 0.34±0.12 a.u., CD = 0.87±0.36 a.u., EE = 0.97±0.11 a.u.). Corresponds to WB1 (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006224#pntd.0006224.s006" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>).</p

Immunohistochemical staining of duodenal biopsies from EE subjects for SMAD proteins.

<p>A) Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) photomicrographs at 100x and 400x from an EE duodenal biopsy showing SMAD7 staining in <u>both</u> the epithelium (arrows) and lamina propria (arrowheads). B) Representative IHC photomicrographs at 100x and 400x from an EE duodenal biopsy showing p-SMAD3 staining in <u>only</u> the epithelium (arrows).</p