Some reactions of norcaranylidene with polar solvents

As part of our efforts to understand the chemistry of cyclopropylidenes in solution, the reactions of norcaranylidene in alcohols and nitriles have been studied;In alcohols (methanol or t-butanol), the partitioning of norcaranylidene between intramolecular insertion and intermolecular reaction with alcohols is a function of alcohol concentration. In methanol, an ylide intermediate is transformed into the product ether in a stepwise manner. However, in t-butanol, the corresponding ylide intermediate releases the t-butanol molecule to give the intramolecular insertion product, in competition with protonation to form the ether product;Methanol was found to react with norcaranylidene 2.5 times faster than t-butanol, irrespective of the total alcohol concentrations. A reasonable interpretation of the activation parameters is that norcaranylidene is solvated preferentially by t-butanol monomers at high alcohol concentration, but is solvated essentially equally by either methanol or t-butanol at low alcohol concentration. Thus at either low or high alcohol concentrations, the starting carbene is a single, albeit differently, solvated species;When nitriles are present in methanol, the nitrile ylide intermediate from the reaction norcaranylidene with nitriles reacts with methanol to yield a mixture of epimeric methanol insertion products. In acrylonitrile, the ylide is also captured by another molecule of acrylonitrile to give a 3 + 2 cycloadduct. And dipolarophiles also capture the diazo-precursor to norcaranylidene in acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile;Pyrolysis of anti-7-bromo-syn-7-trimethylstannylbicyclo 4.1.0 heptane also generates norcaranylidene. This allows the high temperature study of the kinetic deuterium isotope effects for the reaction of norcaranylidene with methanol and t-butanol. Mechanisms to account for the isotope effects at low (diazo-precursor) and high (tin bromide precursor) temperatures are discussed. Two changes in mechanism are seen as the temperature is changed from -78(DEGREES) to 160(DEGREES)C

Adjectival Modification to Nouns in Mandarin Chinese: Case Studies on "chang+noun" and "adjective+tu shu guan"

Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studie

Compound Event Nouns of the ‘Modifier-head’ Type in Mandarin Chinese

Department of Chinese and Bilingual StudiesRefereed conference pape

Type Construction of Event Nouns in Mandarin Chinese

26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, PACLIC 2012, Bali, 7 November 2012Natural and non-natural kinds have significant differences. This paper explores the subclasses of each kind and establishes the type system for event nouns. These nouns are divided into natural types, artifactual types, complex types (including natural complex types and artifactual complex types). This new classification not only enriches the Generative Lexicon theory, but also helps us to capture the properties of different types of event nouns.Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studie

Developing the Evaluation Framework of Technology Foresight Program: Lesson Learned from European Countries

Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy 2009This presentation was part of the session : Roundtables on Methods, Measures, and DataThis material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. ©2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.Foresight activities are valued in many countries since 1990s due to their long term strategic planning. These governments consequently allocate most resources in these foresight activities. As a result, the paper mainly develops the evaluation framework of technology foresight program, by integrating the concepts of evaluation and logic framework with the experience of foresight evaluation from developed countries, for instance European Union, Britain etc., to realize the outcomes of implementing foresight activities. Taking Sweden as a case study, the paper is also proposed to show the effectiveness of this new framework

In Vivo Antihypertensive And In Vitro Vasodilatory Studies Of Reformulated Banxia Baizhu Tianma Tang: Pharmacological Optimisation Using Orthogonal Stimulus-Response Compatibility Model

Banxia Tianma Baizhu Tang (BBT) is one of the most common Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used for treating hypertension. However, differences in the herbs’ geographical location, time of harvest and processing when compared to ancient times has warranted modification in the formula. Although modification of BBT have been previously done (by addition of one or two other herbs in BBT), optimal reformulation of BBT for anti-hypertension has not been carried out. The authenticities of six raw herbs of BBT were verified by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) fingerprints identification methods. Three solvents (95%, 50% ethanol and water) were used for maceration process. The vasodilatory effects of all extracts were investigated by using the in vitro isolated aortic rings assays. Among the extracts, water extract of P. ternata [PT(W)] and C. reticulatae [CR(W)], 50% ethanol extract of G. elata [GE(50)] and G. uralensis [GU(50)], and 95% ethanol extract of A. macrocephala [AM(95)] and P. cocos [PC(95)] were found as the most potent extracts for exerting vasodilatory effects

Rendering the Social in the Architectural Scene: Digital Representation and Social Inclusion on Architectural Design, Thinking, and Education

The digital production of hyper-rendered scenes has come to dominate architectural practice. Jean Baudrillard's warning that simulation will replace the real is now obvious and ubiquitous in our wirelessly networked mediated lives. CAD monkeys, rendering farms, and out-sourcers form the cabal behind the global production of seductive computer generated imagery detached from real people and places. This paper builds on the premise that physical places, designed and marketed through digital imagery, set the stage for the "social scenes" of tourism, leisure and consumption, and that privatized public spaces become "images" in themselves. Providing a setting for ways of people seeing, and being seen by others, these images encourage us to mimic the poses and gestures of architectural renderings. Standing against our growing obsession with rendered architectural scenes suggests that, as digital modes of creation and representation increasingly become objectives in and of themselves, architectural practice is prone to blindness in the face of social developments which exist independently of architecture's digital turn. The paper highlights the possible integration of the social and the technological through documenting a series of design, professional, and pedagogical projects which have, during the thirty-year period of architecture's 'digital turn', increasingly incorporated 'the digital', but which have persistently continued to foreground the social