Neuropsychological research and the fractionation of memory systems

'This conference on "Perspectives on Memory Research" was held at the University of Uppsala, June 20-24, 1977' - Preface

Case study approach in neuropsychological research

The contribution of the neurological case study approach for establishing the functional organisation of cognitive subsystems is assessed. A number of potential problems are considered, including \u201cresource artefacts\u201d, the nature of the lengthy clinical/experimental procedure used, statistical selection artefacts, reorganisation of function, atypical lateralisation, and the existence of associated deficits. It is argued that, despite these problems, the case study approach is the most promising neuropsychological technique for providing information on the functional organisation of cognitive subsystem

Deconstructing \u2018retrieval mode\u2019

M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch, H.L. Roediger, III, Prologue/Preface. Part I: Levels of Processing and Memory Theory. M.J. Watkins, Introduction. E. Tulving, Does Memory Encoding Exist? H.L. Roediger, III, D.A. Gallo, Levels of Processing: Some Unanswered Questions. B.M. Velichkovsky, Levels of Processing: Validating the Concept J.M. Gardiner, A. Richardson-Klavehn, C. Ramponi, B.M Brooks, Involuntary Levels of Processing Effects in Perceptual and Conceptual Priming. B.A. Levy, Fluent Text Processing: Using Memory Representations to Explore Reading Skills. R.S. Lockhart, Discussion. Part II: Working Memory and Attention. M.T. Turvey, Introduction. Working Memory. A.D. Baddeley, Levels of Working Memory. T. Shallice, Deconstructing "Retrieval Mode". Working Memory and Aging. J.M. McDowd, Levels of Processing in Selective Attention and Inhibition: Age Differences and Similarities. D.C. Park, T. Hedden, Working Memory and Aging. M. Daneman, Discussion. Attention at Encoding and Retrieval. M. Moscovitch, Divided Attention, Memory and Neuropsychology. M. Naveh-Benjamin, The Effects of Divided Attention on Encoding Processes: Underlying Mechanisms. N.D. Anderson, The Attentional Demands and Attentional Control of Encoding and Retrieval. C.M. MacLeod, Discussion. Part III: Aging. A.S. Benjamin, Introduction. Age-related Changes in Memory. L.L. Jacoby, E.L. Marsh, P.O. Dolan, Forms of Bias: Age Related Differences in Memory. L-G. Nilsson, Aging, Cognition, and Health. E.L. Glisky, Source Memory, Aging, and the Frontal Lobes. Age-related Changes in Perception and Cognition. T.A. Salthouse, The Broader Context of Craik's Self Initiated Processing Hypothesis. L. Hasher, S.T. Tonev, C. Lustig, Inhibitory Control, Environmental Support, and Self-initiated Processing in Aging. B.A. Schneider, Sensation, Cognition, and Levels of Processing in Aging. L.L. Light, Discussion. Part IV: Neuroscience Perspectives: Memory and Aging. Memory and Aging. A. Randal McIntosh, Introduction. C.L. Grady, Age-related Changes in the Functional Neuroanatomy of Memory. D.T. Stuss, M.A. Binns, Aging: Lot an Escarpment, but Multiple Slopes. P. Vidailhet, B.K. Chrisensen, J.M Danion, S. Kapur, Episodic Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia: A View from Cognitive Psychopathology. W. Koutstaal, D.L. Schacter, Memory Distortion and Aging. G. Winocur, Discussion

Cognitive neuropsychology and rehabilitation: Is pessimism justified?

The paper considers the possible role that cognitive neuropsychology might play in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Issues specifically considered include (i) under what conditions can alternative systems substitute for an impaired one, (ii) the potential efficacy of direct retraining, (iii) the acquisition and voluntary application of new schemes

The dual functions of consciousness

Argues that theoretical developments in cognitive psychology and the increasing use of introspective reports require a rationale, and that this should involve consideration of consciousness. An information-processing model is suggested for cognitive processes, based on the ideas of G. A. Miller, E. Galanter, and K. H. Pribram. Its main characteristic is that while only 1 "action system" (similar to a plan) can be maximally activated at any time, other such systems may be more weakly activated. The model is derived by cybernetic analogies, and empirical evidence for the model is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that part of the model (the selector input to the dominant action system) has properties which correspond to those of consciousness. The selector input has the functions of selecting which action system is dominant and of setting its goal. (42 ref.

Contrasting domains in the control of action: the routine and the non-routine

The Supervisory System model, in which there are two cognitive levels in the control action, is assessed. It is argued that there is a modulatory relation between the levels. It is further argued that standard connectionist variables, such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and frequency, are particularly useful for characterizing behavior produced by contention scheduling, the lower-level system, when Supervisory System function is impaired. By contrast, an analogy with symbolic Al models is used to theoretically motivate a fractionation of Supervisory System processing as created by a set of functionally selective and anatomically partially separable subsystems. It is argued that the systems for the Supervisory System's top-down selection of schemas in contention scheduling has a different lateralization of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from the systems concerned with non-evident error detection and checking. The former are held to be the more left lateralized in comparison with the latter

Fractionation of the Supervisory System

Foreword ; Preface ; 1. Introduction ; 2. The Human Frontal Lobes: Transcending the Default Mode through Contigent Encoding ; 3. Association Pathways of the Prefrontal Cortex and Functional Observations ; 4. Neurochemical Modulation of Prefrontal Cortical Functions in Humans and Animals ; 5. Functional Architecture of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Monkeys and Man ; 6. Physiology of Executive Functions: The Perception-Action Cycle ; 7. The Theatre of the Mind: Physiological Studies of the Human Frontal Lobes ; 8. Motor Programming for Hand and Vocalizing Movements ; 9. Cortical Control of Visuometer Reflexes ; 10. Disorders of Language After Frontal Lobe Injury ; 11. The Organization of Working Memory Function in Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ; 12. The Frontal Cortex and Working with Memory ; 13. Memory Retrieval and Executive Control Processes ; 14. Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex: Maintenance in Memory or Attentional Selection ; 15. Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution in Prefrontal Cortex ; 16. Fractionating the Central Executive ; 17. Fractionation of the Supervisory System ; 18. Cognitive Focus through Adaptive Neural Coding in Primate Prefrontal Cortex ; 19. The Structured Event Complex and the Human Prefrontal Cortex ; 20. Chronesthesia: Conscious Awareness of Subjective Time ; 21. Integration Across Multiple Cognitive and Motivational Domains in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex ; 22. Emotion, Decision-Making and the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ; 23. The Functions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex ; 24. Mapping Mood: An Evolving Emphasis on Frontal-Limbic Interactions ; 25. Fractionation and Localization of Distinct Frontal Lobe Processes: Evidence from Focal Lesions in Humans ; 26. Neurobehavioural Consequences of Neurosurgical Treatments and Focal Lesions of Frontal-Subcortical Circuits ; 27. The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Normal and Disordered Cognitive Control: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective ; 28. Novel Approaches to The Assessment of Frontal Damage and Executive Deficits in Traumatic Brain Injury ; 29. Normal Development of Prefrontal Cortex, from Birth to Young Adulthood: Cognitive Functions, Anatomy and Biochemistry ; 30. Executive Functions Following Frontal Lobe Injury: A Developmental Perspective ; 31. Aging, Memory, and Frontal Lobe Functioning ; 32. Frontal Lobe Plasticity and Behaviour ; 33. Principles of the Rehabilitation of Frontal Lobe Function ; 34. Prefrontal Cortex: The Present and the Futur