34 research outputs found

    Transition, Flow, and Divergent Times

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    Islamic portable objects in the medieval church treasuries of the Latin West

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    Au-delĂ  de la grammaire et de la taxinomie : l’expĂ©rience cognitive et la responsivitĂ© de l’ornement dans les arts de l’Islam

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    Le terme d’« ornement » a Ă©tĂ© un vrai topos – et l’est encore aujourd’hui – lorsqu’il s’agit de dĂ©finir et de dĂ©crire un art soi-disant « islamique ». Il importe d’éclairer cette position de maniĂšre critique : dans les Ă©tudes prĂ©-scientifiques sur l’ornement menĂ©es par des thĂ©oriciens de l’art du xixe siĂšcle tels qu’Owen Jones, on constate le point de dĂ©part pour une approche essentialiste et taxinomique de l’ornement, laquelle, par l’intermĂ©diaire de la mĂ©thode de l’histoire des styles d’Alois Riegl, a Ă©galement marquĂ© profondĂ©ment l’histoire de l’art du xxe siĂšcle. Des spĂ©cialistes de l’art islamique, comme Ernst KĂŒhnel et Titus Burckhardt, ont poursuivi dans cette voie qui apprĂ©hendait l’ornement principalement sous l’angle formel, ou bien comme une constante universelle. Seule depuis les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, une nouvelle approche s’est frayĂ©e le chemin. C’est avant tout Oleg Grabar qui a considĂ©rĂ© l’ornement comme porteur d’expressions et de messages, en partant des idĂ©es issues de la psychologie de la perception et de l’histoire de la rĂ©ception, introduites dans l’histoire de l’art notamment par Arnheim et Gombrich. Des travaux plus rĂ©cents, comme ceux de GĂŒlru Neçipoğlu et de ValĂ©rie Gonzalez, ont soulignĂ© et Ă©largi cette position en mettant en avant une perspective intellectualisĂ©e de l’ornement et de la gĂ©omĂ©trie.Le prĂ©sent article partage ses principales positions avec ces nouvelles approches de l’ornement dans l’Islam. Mais ce faisant, il se concentre sur les qualitĂ©s communicatives et expressives des Ɠuvres d’art qui disposent d’un large Ă©ventail formel. L’argumentation se dĂ©roule de façon anhistorique Ă  travers quelques exemples significatifs qui Ă©manent principalement des premiers siĂšcles du rĂšgne islamique, Ă  commencer par le DĂŽme du Rocher et sa dĂ©coration en marbre et mosaĂŻques, et par les boiseries de la mosquĂ©e al-Aqsa, dont la richesse et la puissance des motifs vĂ©gĂ©taux expriment directement le triomphe et l’expansion territoriale de l’époque. D’autres exemples, comme la façade ornĂ©e du palais de Mshatta, les travaux en stuc de Samarra et les ivoireries fatimides, montrent des modes artistiques diffĂ©rents d’un art prĂ©tendument dĂ©coratif, des modes qui rĂ©sistent Ă  des schĂ©mas d’interprĂ©tation universels et taxinomiques et qui, vus de prĂšs, dĂ©passent largement les seuls ingrĂ©dients dĂ©coratifs et le statut de phĂ©nomĂšne superficiel. C’est donc le terme mĂȘme d’ornement qui devient douteux. Il faudrait plutĂŽt poser la question d’une vĂ©ritable « ornementologie » qui, parallĂšlement Ă  l’iconologie, pourrait convenir davantage aux caractĂ©ristiques de cette variante de l’expression artistique.The term “ornament” has been – and still is – a true topos in the definition and description of so-called “Islamic” art. It is essential to shed a critical light on this position: pre-scientific studies on ornament by theoreticians from the 19th century, such as Owen Jones, are at the origin of an essentialist and taxonomic approach to ornament, which, via Alois Riegl’s method of the history of styles, also had a profound impact on 20th-century art. Specialists of Islamic art such as Ernst KĂŒhnel and Titus Burckhardt carried on this approach that regarded Islamic art mainly from a formal perspective or as a universal constant. Only one new approach has been forged over the past decades. Oleg Grabar has been foremost in considering ornament as a vehicle for expression and messages, basing his reflection on ideas borrowed from the psychology of perception and the history of reception as introduced into art history mainly by Arnheim and Gombrich. More recent research, by scholars such as GĂŒlru Neçipoğlu and ValĂ©rie Gonzalez, has highlighted and broadened this position by emphasizing an intellectualized perspective on ornament and geometry.The present article shares the principal positions of these new approaches to ornament in Islam. But in doing so, it focuses on the communicative and expressive qualities of works of art covering a broad formal spectrum. The argumentation is developed anhistorically through several important examples drawn mainly from the first centuries of Islamic rule, beginning with the Dome of the Rock and its marble and mosaic decoration, and with the woodwork from the al-Aqsa mosque, whose rich and powerful vegetal designs directly express the triumphal climate of this period of empire-building. Other examples, such as the ornate façade of the Mshatta palace, the stucco-work at Samarra, and Fatimid ivories, show the different artistic expressions of a supposedly decorative art, expressions that defy universal and taxonomic interpretive models and that are far more that simple decorative ingredients or a surface phenomenon. It is therefore the term of ornament itself that must be examined. It would be more pertinent to raise the question of “ornamentology”, which, parallel to iconologie, might be better suited to the characteristics of this variety of artistic expression.Der Begriff „Ornament“ war und ist mitunter bis heute geradezu ein Topos, wenn es um die Definition und Beschreibung einer so genannten „Islamischen Kunst“ geht – diese Position gilt es kritisch zu beleuchten: In protowissenschaftlichen Ornamentstudien der Kunsttheoretiker des 19. Jahrhunderts wie etwa Owen Jones ist der Ausgangspunkt fĂŒr eine essentialistische und taxonomische AnnĂ€herung an das Ornament auszumachen, die, vermittelt ĂŒber Alois Riegls stilgeschichtliche Methode, auch die Kunstwissenschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts nachhaltig prĂ€gen sollte. Spezialisten fĂŒr islamische Kunst wie Ernst KĂŒhnel und Titus Burckhardt verfolgten diese Linie, die das Ornament primĂ€r unter formalen Gesichtspunkten oder als universale Konstante betrachtete. Erst in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten bahnte sich eine neuartige Sichtweise an: Aufbauend auf wahrnehmungspsychologischen und rezeptionsgeschichtlichen AnsĂ€tzen, wie sie durch Arnheim und Gombrich in die Kunstgeschichte eingefĂŒhrt wurden, betrachtete zunĂ€chst vor allem Oleg Grabar das Ornament als AusdruckstrĂ€ger und Vermittler von Botschaften. JĂŒngere Studien, etwa von GĂŒlru Neçipoğlu und Valerie Gonzalez, unterstrichen und erweiterten diese Position und stellten dabei vor allem eine intellektualisierte Perspektive auf Ornament und Geometrie in den Vordergrund.Der vorliegende Aufsatz teilt wesentliche Positionen mit diesen neuen ForschungsansĂ€tzen zum Ornament im Islam, konzentriert sich aber auf die kommunikativen, expressiven Eigenschaften von Kunstwerken, die in großer formaler Bandbreite auftreten. Die Argumentation bewegt sich dabei ahistorisch an einigen signifikanten Beispielen entlang, die vor allem aus den frĂŒhen Jahrhunderten islamischer Herrschaft stammen, angefangen mit der Ausgestaltung des Felsendomes mit Marmor und Mosaiken sowie geschnitzten Holzverkleidungen in der Aqsa-Moschee, deren reiche und krĂ€ftige vegetabile Motive Triumph und Expansion der Epoche unmittelbar zum Ausdruck bringen. Weitere Beispiele, etwa von der Schmuckfassade von Mschatta ĂŒber die Stuckarbeiten von Samarra bis hin zu fatimidischen Elfenbeinschnitzereien, zeigen unterschiedliche kĂŒnstlerische Modi einer vermeintlich dekorativen Kunst, die sich universalen und taxonomischen Deutungsmustern entziehen und genau betrachtet weit ĂŒber bloße dekorative Zutaten oder OberflĂ€chenphĂ€nomene hinausgehen. Mithin wird also der tradierte Ornamentbegriff selbst zweifelhaft, stellt sich vielmehr die Frage nach einer regelrechten „Ornamentologie“, die, parallel etwa zur Ikonologie, dieser Variante kĂŒnstlerischen Ausdrucks gerecht werden könnte.Il termine “ornamento” Ăš stato – ed Ăš ancora oggi – un vero topos nel momento in cui si tratta di definire e di descrivere un’arte cosiddetta “islamica”. Ăš importante chiarire questa posizione in maniera critica: negli studi pioneristici sull’ornamento condotti da alcuni teorici dell’arte dell’Ottocento, come Owen Jones, si assiste alla nascita di un approccio essenzialista e tassonomico dell’ornamento, che, attraverso il metodo della storia degli stili di Alois Riegl, ha anche inciso in maniera profonda sulla storia dell’arte del Novecento. Alcuni specialisti dell’arte islamica, quali ad esempio Ernst KĂŒhnel e Titus Burckhardt, hanno proseguito su questa pista, che guardava all’ornamento principalmente dal punto di vista della forma oppure come ad una costante universale. Solamente a partire dagli ultimi decenni si Ăš fatto strada un approccio differente. Ăš innanzitutto Oleg Grabar che ha considerato l’ornamento come portatore di espressioni e di messaggi, partendo dalle idee derivate dalla psicologia della percezione e della storia della ricezione, introdotte nella storia dell’arte in particolare da Arnheim e da Gombrich. Alcuni lavori piĂč recenti, come quelli di GĂŒlru Neçipoğlu et di Valerie Gonzalez hanno sottolineato ed approfondito questa posizione, proponendo una prospettiva intellettualizzata dell’ornamento e della geometria.Il presente articolo condivide le proprie linee principali con questo nuovo approccio dell’ornamento nell’Islam. Ma al tempo stesso si concentra sulle qualitĂ  comunicative ed espressive delle opere d’arte che dispongono di un largo ventaglio formale. L’argomentazione segue un percorso astorico, attraverso alcuni esempi significativi prodotti essenzialmente nei primi secoli del regno islamico, a partire dalla Cupola della Roccia e dalla sua decorazione a marmo e mosaico, e dalla boiserie della moschea al-Aqsa, la cui ricchezza e potenza di motivi vegetali esprimono in maniera diretta il trionfo e l’espansione territoriale del tempo. Altri esempi, come l’ornamentazione della facciata del palazzo di Mshatta, i lavori in stucco di Samarra e gli avori fatimidi, mostrano modi artistici differenti di un’arte per cosĂŹ dire decorativa, modi che resistono a schemi interpretativi universali e tassonomici, e che, visti da vicino, superano largamente i soli ingredienti decorativi e lo statuto di fenomeno superficiale. Ăš dunque la categoria medesima di “ornamento” che diviene problematica. Bisognerebbe porre piuttosto il problema di una vera e propria “ornamentologia”, che, in parallelo all’iconologia, potrebbe adattarsi meglio alle caratteristiche di questa variante dell’espressione artistica.El tĂ©rmino de «ornamento» ha llegado a ser un verdadero topos – y aĂșn hoy lo estĂĄ siendo – a la hora de definir o describir un supuesto arte «islĂĄmico». Es importante apoyar dicha postura de forma crĂ­tica: en los estudios precientĂ­ficos sobre el ornamento llevados a cabo por los teĂłricos del arte del siglo xix como Owen Jones, encontramos el punto de partida para un enfoque esencialista y taxonĂłmico del ornamento, el cual, con el mĂ©todo de la historia de los estilos de Alois Riegl, tambiĂ©n ha marcado profundamente la historia del arte del siglo xx. Algunos especialistas del arte islĂĄmico, como por ejemplo Ernst KĂŒhnel o Titus Burckhardt, se han adentrado en la vĂ­a de estudio del ornamento sobre todo desde una perspectiva formal o bien como una constante universal. Solo en los Ășltimos decenios un nuevo enfoque se ha abierto un camino. Es principalmente Oleg Grabar quien ha llegado a considerar el ornamento como portador de expresiones y mensajes, basĂĄndose en ideas procedentes de la psicologĂ­a de la percepciĂłn y de la historia de la recepciĂłn, introducidas en la historia del arte sobre todo por Arnheim y Gombrich. Unos estudios mĂĄs recientes, como los de GĂŒlru Neçipoğlu y ValĂ©rie Gonzalez, han subrayado y ampliado esta postura poniendo de relieve una perspectiva intelectualizada del ornamento y la geometrĂ­a.El presente artĂ­culo comparte sus principales posturas con dichos nuevos enfoques sobre el ornamento islĂĄmico. Asimismo, se concentra en las cualidades comunicativas y expresivas de las obras de arte que disponen de un amplio abanico formal. La argumentaciĂłn se despliega de manera anhistĂłrica a travĂ©s de algunos ejemplos significativos procedentes en su mayorĂ­a de los primeros siglos del reino islĂĄmico, empezando por la CĂșpula de la Roca adornada con mĂĄrmol y azulejos, y la mezquita al-Aqsa y sus elementos de carpinterĂ­a, cuyos motivos vegetales, por su riqueza y potencia, expresan directamente el triunfo y la expansiĂłn territorial de aquella Ă©poca. Otros ejemplos, como la fachada adornada del palacio de Mshatta, los trabajos de estuco de Samarra asĂ­ como los de marfil fatimĂ­, dan cuenta de modas artĂ­sticas diferentes de un arte supuestamente decorativo, modas que resisten a los esquemas interpretativos universales y taxonĂłmicos y que, vistos de cerca, rebasan ampliamente los meros ingredientes decorativos y el estatuto de fenĂłmeno superficial. De allĂ­ que se vuelve dudoso el tĂ©rmino de ornamento. MĂĄs bien habrĂ­a que plantearse la cuestiĂłn de una verdadera «ornamentologĂ­a», la cual, en paralelo a la iconologĂ­a, podrĂ­a resultar mĂĄs adecuada con respecto a las caracterĂ­sticas de dicha variante de expresiĂłn artĂ­stica

    The Bishopric of Bamberg in the Medieval World

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    Der Band „Das Bistum Bamberg in der Welt des Mittelalters“ bietet den um bibliographische Hinweise erweiterten Text der VortrĂ€ge, die im Rahmen der Ringvorlesung des Zentrums fĂŒr Mittelalterstudien (ZEMAS) der UniversitĂ€t Bamberg im Jahr des tausendjĂ€hrigen Bestehens der (Erz-)Diözese Bamberg gehalten wurden. AusfĂŒhrlich behandelt wird die GrĂŒndung des Bistums 1007 und seine Entwicklung im weiteren Verlauf des Mittelalters. Neben den historischen kommen auch baugeschichtliche, kunsthistorische und literaturgeschichtliche Aspekte zur Sprache. Alle VortrĂ€ge sind vergleichend angelegt und zeigen auf, in welche grĂ¶ĂŸeren Prozesse GrĂŒndung und Entwicklung des Bistums Bamberg sich einfĂŒgen. Der Blick reicht daher von Bamberg und Oberfranken ĂŒber Merseburg, Magdeburg, Prag, Regensburg, KĂ€rnten, Konstanz und Eger bis nach Burgund, Istrien, Apulien und in die WerkstĂ€tten arabischer Elfenbeinschnitzer in Andalusien.The volume "The Diocese of Bamberg in the Medieval World" collects extended versions of papers presented in the Centre for Medieval Studies (ZEMAS) at the university of Bamberg lecture series commemorating the millenary anniversary of the (arch) diocese of Bamberg. The lectures address, in detail, the founding of the diocese in 1007 and its subsequent development over the course of the Middle Ages. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, the papers emphasize political history, architectural history, art history, and literary history. All the lectures are presented comparatively and demonstrate how the foundation and the development of the diocese of Bamberg are integrated in larger processes and developments. This perspective extends the scope of these papers from Bamberg and Upper Franconia to Merseburg, Magdeburg, Prague, Regensburg, Carinthia (Austria), Constance, and Cheb (Czech Republic) to Burgundy (France), Apulia (Italy), Istria (Croatia), and the workshops of Arab ivory carvers in Andalusia

    Transition, Flow, and Divergent Times

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    The Western academy's growing interest in the contemporary arts in the Arab world illustrates the desire to map “Islam”—problematic as this term is—within the global history of cultures and to integrate it into “Western” models of the writing and documenting of the past. As positive and corrective as these academic approaches may seem, the notion of recording time—that is, writing history—is still firmly bound at the beginning of the 21st century to the idea of continuity, and the pattern of “Western”-centric thinking imposes that notion upon contemporary artists and art historians. Yet the political changes and spontaneous eruptions that the Middle East and North Africa are experiencing, especially since the beginning of 2011, defy and resist conventional interpretations of historical processes and therefore demand a rethinking of the configuration of the past.</jats:p

    Tesoros del mar: Âżel arte antes de la destreza?. IntroducciĂłn

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    The sea, like an embryo or a foetus, seems to represent «a sort of first stage in the advancement of superior life forms». Its fluid character suggests an early age of our world’s foundation, before fluid turns to stone. It appears as an archaic cosmos into which one descends in order to find hidden treasures in its depths. How did artisans work, shape, and integrate the varied materials of the sea into an artistic oeuvre? Which meanings were attached to these materials? When, how and why were the materials’ fluid origin remembered? The sea can be considered the great global depot of the world, which includes objects of both great and ordinary character, illustrating ambitious and innocent aspirations to an equal extent. Moreover, the particular shininess of the oceanic materials, like pearls, shells or animals’ skins, was usually associated with cosmic elements and thus emphasizes the pure and primal characters of these substances. The treasures of the sea were therefore beyond national. They were global. And their aquatic identity made them universal.Metaphorically speaking, the sea, as an object, has body, shape and even face, and is demarcated by earth and air. This amorphous entity has a solid bottom, its upper surface, namely face, touches the air, and its walls constantly struggle against solid substances such as rock and stone. In addition, its depths are unknown. There, in the heart of darkness, unconsciousness resides.This introductory essay aims at opening the so-called ’Pandora Box’ of the fluid realm of the seas. It presents this space’s great potential in providing us with vast amounts of historical information, usually ‘lying concealed’, as if under the water.El mar, como un embriĂłn o un feto, parece representar «una especie de primera  fase en el desarrollo  de formas de vida superiores». Su carĂĄcter fluido sugiere un periodo temprano del origen de nuestro mundo antes de que el fluido se petrificase.  Se presenta como un cosmos arcaico al que descendemos con el fin de encontrar tesoros ocultos en sus  profundidades.  ÂżCĂłmo pudieron los artesanos trabajar, dar forma e integrar  los distintos materiales marinos en una obra de arte? ÂżQuĂ© significados se asociaban a estos materiales ? ÂżCuĂĄndo, cĂłmo y por quĂ© se recordaba el origen fluido de estos materiales?El mar puede considerarse el gran almacĂ©n global del mundo, que incluye objetos de carĂĄcter especial y ordinario, exhibiendo aspiraciones ambiciosas e inocentes a partes iguales.  Es mĂĄs, el brillo peculiar de los materiales marinos, como perlas, conchas o pieles de animales, se asociaba normalmente con elementos cĂłsmicos y con ello se resaltaban las caracterĂ­sticas  puras y primarias de estas sustancias.  Los tesoros marinos traspasaban asĂ­ los lĂ­mites de lo nacional.  Eran globales.  Y su identidad acuĂĄtica los hacĂ­a universales.Hablando metafĂłricamente, el mar, como objeto, tiene cuerpo, forma e incluso cara y queda enmarcado  entre la tierra y el aire.  Esta entidad amorfa tiene un fondo sĂłlido, una superficie superior, es decir su cara, toca el aire y sus muros luchan constantemente contra cuerpos sĂłlidos  como rocas y piedras. AdemĂĄs, se desconocen sus profundidades.  AhĂ­, en el corazĂłn de la oscuridad,  reside la inconsciencia.Este ensayo introductorio pretende abrir la llamada «Caja de Pandora»  del ĂĄmbito de los mares.  Nos presenta el gran potencial de este espacio al proporcionarnos grandes cantidades de informaciĂłn histĂłrica,  normalmente «oculta»,  como si estuviese cubierta por agua.The sea, like an embryo or a foetus, seems to represent «a sort of first stage in the advancement of superior life forms». Its fluid character suggests an early age of our world’s foundation, before fluid turns to stone. It appears as an archaic cosmos into which one descends in order to find hidden treasures in its depths. How did artisans work, shape, and integrate the varied materials of the sea into an artistic oeuvre? Which meanings were attached to these materials? When, how and why were the materials’ fluid origin remembered? The sea can be considered the great global depot of the world, which includes objects of both great and ordinary character, illustrating ambitious and innocent aspirations to an equal extent. Moreover, the particular shininess of the oceanic materials, like pearls, shells or animals’ skins, was usually associated with cosmic elements and thus emphasizes the pure and primal characters of these substances. The treasures of the sea were therefore beyond national. They were global. And their aquatic identity made them universal.Metaphorically speaking, the sea, as an object, has body, shape and even face, and is demarcated by earth and air. This amorphous entity has a solid bottom, its upper surface, namely face, touches the air, and its walls constantly struggle against solid substances such as rock and stone. In addition, its depths are unknown. There, in the heart of darkness, unconsciousness resides.This introductory essay aims at opening the so-called ’Pandora Box’ of the fluid realm of the seas. It presents this space’s great potential in providing us with vast amounts of historical information, usually ‘lying concealed’, as if under the water

    FOUNTAINS OF LIGHT: THE MEANING OF MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ROCK CRYSTAL LAMPS

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    JEWELSAND JOURNEYS: THE CASE OF THE MEDIEVAL GEMSTONE CALLED AL-lATlMA

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    Things that Matter: The Case of an Astrolabe in Filippino Lippi’s Adoration of the Magi in the Uffizi in Florence

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    The article is meant to represent a small contribution to the large and still unexplored field of research involving the significance of minor arts within the study of history of art. It aims at looking at the importance, or more accurately at the role of objects in painting, namely the iconography of objects
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