Controlling the microstructure and properties of titania nanopowders for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells

(a) A highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanorods compared with TiO2 nanopaticles and (b) Dye sensitized solar cell fabricated using sealing technique. [Display omitted] ► TiO2 nanorods particles size of 3–5nm was synthesized hydrothermally at 100°C. ► SBET was 78.14m2/g and the band gap energy was 3.2eV. ► (Jsc) and (Voc) of the DSSC were in the range 10.84–13.23mAcm−2 and 0.71–0.78V. ► Conversion efficiency of DSSCs was 7.2%. ► IPCE analyses of the DSSC showed two peaks, at ∼350 and 520nm. A low temperature hydrothermal process have been developed to synthesize titania nanorods (NRs) and nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled size for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Effect of calcination temperature on the performance of TiO2 nanoparticles for solar cells was investigated and discussed. The crystallite size and the relative crystallinity of the anatase phase were increased with increasing the calcination temperature. The structures and morphologies of both (TiO2 nanorods and nanoparticles) were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM/HRTEM, UV–vis Spectroscopy, FTIR and BET specific surface area (SBET) as well as pore-size distribution by BJH. The size of the titania nanorods was 6.7nm width and 22nm length while it was 13nm for nanoparticles. Efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with oriented TiO2 nanorods was reported to be more superior compared to DSSC based on mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles due to their high surface area, hierarchically mesoporous structures, low charge recombination and fast electron-transfer rate. With increasing calcination temperature of the prepared nanopowders, the light-electricity conversion efficiency (η) decreased. The efficiency of the assembly solar cells was decreased due to the agglomeration of the particles and difficulty of electron movement. The power efficiency was enhanced from 1.7% for TiO2 nanoparticles cells at hydrothermally temperature 500°C and 5.2% for TiO2 nanoparticles cells at hydrothermally temperature 100°C to 7.2% for TiO2 nanorods cells under AM1.5 illumination (100mWcm−2)